The Epidemic Of Ebola And Hiv / Aids Essay - 1363 Words

For thousands of years throughout history, humans have had to contend with the spread of infectious diseases. One of the greatest concerns in today’s society is the constant fear of a potential outbreak of an infectious disease. A disease for which society does not have a cure or vaccine available, thereby obliterating the human race if it were to spread. Notable cases include the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1970s and 1980s, and the more recent 2014 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa. Examining the distinctions between the two can give us a better understanding of how to combat potential outbreaks in the future. Ebola and HIV/AIDS are two infectious diseases with many similarities. Both diseases are caused by viruses, originating in Africa, with no approved vaccines available, leading to mass casualties. Even with their similarities, the two outbreaks had vastly different outcomes. This is due to the â€Å"visibility and latency† (Ebola vs. AIDS, 2015). HIV, which causes AIDS, does not cause death directly, but indirectly, by compromising the immune system, making the person more susceptible to other deadly infections (Ebola vs. AIDS, 2015). Of the 70 million infected with HIV, the death toll is 35 million (HIV/AIDS, 2016). The Ebola virus can kill a person directly. It can cause high fever, vomiting, and hemorrhaging, leading to organ failure. Of the roughly 8,000 cases reported by the CDC, the death toll is 4,000 (Ebola vs. AIDS, 2015). Symptoms of Ebola can be present asShow MoreRelatedInfectious Diseases And The Epidemic Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesrid of infectious diseases as a new one seems to appear every few years. From diseases such as the great plague, the H1N1 influenza and more recently, The Ebola virus and the HIV-AIDs epidemic. Ebola was first discovered in humans in 1976 with 2 simultaneous outbreaks. In Nzara, Sudan, and in Yambuku Democratic Republic of Congo. The name Ebola comes from the river which is near Yambuku in Congo. The virus causes a serious illness which could be fatal in untreated as the virus infects the cellsRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Infectious Disease1710 Words   |  7 Pagesand Western Africa, are HIV and Ebola, respectively (Wainberg et al., 2014). Similarities Differences Between Two Viral Killers: HIV Ebola HIV and Ebola share similarities with respect to suspected origin and routes of transmission but the outcomes for these two infections are vastly different (Tambo et al., 2016). Both viruses are zoonotic in nature, with primates as the known original hosts for HIV and bats and primates hypothesized to be the original hosts for Ebola (CDC, 2015). Routes ofRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Infectious Diseases Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesthe vast numbers of individuals who fall ill due to an epidemic can increase healthcare costs as well as decrease labour markets. Indirect costs as a result of public actions, such as fleeing the area of outbreak, can contribute to economic damage (Barker Bacon, 2015); not to mentioned the increased likelihood of transferring the disease from one area to another. Two infectious diseases that are of continuous interest today, HIV/AIDS and Ebola, will be contrasted in terms of their outcomes and possibleRead MoreEbola Outbreak Of West Africa1655 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the late 1970s, the international community was alarmed by the discovery of the Ebola virus. (Schwarz and Siegl, 1996) It was the ‘causative agent’ (Peters and Peters, 2015) of EHF (Ebola hemorrhagic fever). Ebola stems from a virus family know as Filoviridae. The virus targets various parts of the body causing a critical sickness of fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and in severe cases bleeding. However, infections do not always lead to death. ‘In previous outbreaks, 40-90% of known infectionsRead MoreThe Epidemic Of South Africa1666 Words   |  7 Pages At the height of the most recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa, fear amongst American citizens about the possibility of a more local outbreak resulted in representatives being pressured into creating harsh policies. One option that representatives of several states endorsed was a mandatory quarantine of all individuals arriving from Ebola-stricken countries. This policy was implemented de spite severe criticism from several medical professional organizations including Mà ¨decinsRead MoreA Research Study On Aids1396 Words   |  6 PagesEvery single news center has been focusing on the tremendous increase of Ebola cases lately. The thought of the disease itself instills fear in healthy citizens and produces panic in populated areas. Even though Ebola appears to be a relatively new disease to the world- making its first showcase around the 1970 s- its propaganda has overlooked other diseases. AIDS, a disease that was first documented in the 1980 s, has been a very prominent disease throughout the world. The relationship betweenRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pages Global Epidemic disease 1.Retrospect of the epidemic disease​​​​​​​ Case1 Aids​​​​​​​ 1.Aids 2.The cause of Aids and Aids’ human factor​ ​​ 3.The distributing of aids Suggestions for Further Research Relevant UN Action Case2 Ebola Read MorePrevention Of The Disease Aids Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesyears there have been many infectious diseases have been occurring and spreading across society. Out of the many infectious diseases, there are two that are going to be examined. The two diseases that are going to be analyzed and reviewed are Ebola and AIDS. The two diseases have a high rate of death among people who have been infected. The right rate of death has occurred for decades. Both of these diseases are highly effective at attacking the immune system of the victims. These diseases are bothRead MoreEbola Outbreak By And A Mask On The Face Of Death By Seltzer893 Words   |  4 Pages In both Ebola Outbreak by Dabbous and A mask on the Face of Death by Seltzer they discuss the social and political problems contributing to the spread of Ebola and HIV/AIDS. These Epidemics continue to spread thought out the world to millions of people. The main areas that these diseases began to spread began in very poverty stricken countries. Not only did poverty play a role in the spread but both Dabbous and Seltzer pointed out the lack of education in the area which leads people to easily beRead MoreThe Importance Of Country Information On Northern Africa1506 Words   |  7 PagesInformation: Northern Africa: Algeria- The citizens are living in poverty, but the nation is wealthy due to their mass amounts of oil. Their economy level is upper middle income rate. Within the country there is about 18,000 people living with HIV or AIDS. Algeria is willing to direct money towards healthcare, but it is riddled with poor infrastructure. Its citizens generally favor Western Medicine. Unfortunately the country faces overpopulation, and is overcrowded in some cities. Egypt- The Nation

The Effects Of Climate Change On Earth Today Essay

Climate change otherwise known as global warming has been an ongoing issue for decades. Beginning in the 19th century, climate change has increasingly affected Earth and its atmosphere. Rising levels of carbon dioxide are warming the Earth’s atmosphere, causing rising sea-levels, melting snow and ice, extreme fires and droughts, and intense rainfall and floods. Climate change has and will continue to affect food production, availability of water, and can add to many health risks in humans and animals. In fact, in an article by Justin Gillis titled, â€Å"Scientists Warn of Perilous Climate Shift Within Decades, Not Centuries† he focuses on a paper written by a former NASA climate scientist, James E. Hansen, explaining the effects of climate change on Earth today. Although many believe Hansen’s theories in the paper are quite far-fetched, the author mentions, â€Å"Despite any reservations they might have about the new paper, virtually all climate scientists agre e with Dr. Hansen’s group that society is not moving fast enough to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, posing grave risks† (Gillis). Gillis validates the fact that climate change has been rapidly expanding throughout Earth and society has not been able to reduce it fast enough. Many negative risks are being posed and will continue to mount if the issue of climate change is not taken seriously. Although climate change negatively affects nearly all aspects of the Earth, it poses a big threat to agriculture and food production.Show MoreRelatedIs Global Climate Man Made?1491 Words   |  6 PagesVetter 15 July 2015 Man vs. Nature Is Global Climate Man-made? One of the largest global conflicts of modern day society is the issue of global climate change. Throughout the years, the most notable modern research has been the recognition that humans activities are most likely accelerating the process of global climate change. Scientists have provided solid evidence of global climate change by humans in multiple studies, but others believe that climate change is caused solely by nature and the naturalnessRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Climate Change1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of global climate change is one of the most popular debates in modern day society. For decades, scientists have been battling to find the source of our global climate change. This matter brings to us whether or not humans are accelerating the process of global climate change. Scientists have provided solid evidence of global climate change by humans in multiple studies, but others believe that climate change is caused solely by nature and the naturalness of the Ear th’s cycle. AccordingRead MoreClimate Change : A Changing For A Brighter Future1485 Words   |  6 PagesClimate Change: A Changing For A Brighter Future About 4.543 billion years ago, planet earth was created. As the years went on, the earth was starting to support life. Anything from bacterias, insects, animals and humans were starting to prosper and this was becoming a problem for the earth. As the earth was starting to support new forms of live, many of it resources were being used up and as a result, problems were arising. Problems such as is there enough water, food and resources were questionsRead MoreClimate Change Is The Consequence Of Global Warming1096 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Earth is not dying, it is being killed. And the people who are killing it have names and addresses†-Utah Phillips. Climate change is something that, for the most part, human activity has control over. This is in effect because the reasons for climate change includes the burning of coal, oil and natural gas to fuel factories, operate home life, as well as inside school and work buildings, all of which incorporate human interaction. Th e result of this sends carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Read MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe Average temperature of the Earth have increased by 1.4  °F over the past 100 years, and it is expected to increase approximately another 2 to 11.5  °F over the next century. Little changes in the average temperature of the Earth can result into big and possibly to dangerous shifts in climate and weather. Rising temperatures around the world have been accompanied by differences in weather and climate. A lot of places have already seen changes in rainfall which resulted in an increase in floods,Read MoreThe Ozone Layer And Global Climate Change1186 Words   |  5 PagesIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of 1,300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under the auspices of the United Nations, concluded there s a more than 90 percent probability that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our plane t†. The ozone layer and a stable climate temperature are the only thing protecting life on earth from the deadly UV rays and harmful global temperature rise. All around the world today the ozone layer is constantlyRead MoreClimate Change and Agriculture800 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: Climate change and Agriculture. In the countrie Solomon islands one of the major problems today is climate change activities. Climate change is the common tolarent background in which this account is looking at the changes that affects most aspect of the environment. How it is important of agricultural activities. The basic of greenhouse effect the gretly affected by changing of climate. However the potential impacts of climates change on agriculture onterms of food security. More overRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1544 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the vigorously discussed topic on Earth today. According to a TechMedia Network, â€Å"Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.† (â€Å"Global Warming †¦ Effects†). We have been witnessing the change in Earth’s climate since past few years, and we are well aware of the consequences of climate change as well. Global warming has managed to listRead MoreHuman Activity Over The Last Century1208 Words   |  5 Pagescentury have caused major detrimental changes to the climate with carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere. These changes to the worlds ecosystems and could involve key human health problems. There is worldwide scientific consensus and proof that climate change is real, evidence proves there has been 7 cycles of glacial advance and retreat, since the beginning of the modern climate 650,000 years ago. The evidence of our changing climate is from many forms of data collectedRead MoreThe Problem Of Climate Change1745 Words   |  7 Pageslong as humans have been on Earth, this and past generations have been destroying our home. Not just by the physical appearance though. All aspects of Earth have been at least altered by humans, including the climate. Climate change is becoming one of the faste st growing problems that the world is facing. Once one thing changes, it causes a ripple effect creating complications for Earth and everything that is part of Earth. If this problem is not fixed soon, the Earth as we know it will be forever

Qantas Issues A Challenge To Boeing Airbus -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Qantas Issues A Challenge To Boeing Airbus? Answer: Introducation Ethical consideration may lead to failure or success of a study depending upon the policies applied. Anonymity of the respondents has been maintained to protect their privacy. The data collected will not be used in any other articles or journals. The respondents have participated on their own free will and none of them has been forced to take part in the study. The aim and objectives of the research has not been exaggerated and transparency in data has been maintained. Literary review Cost structure is the segmentation of incurred cost on an organisation. According to Shepherd (2015), cost structure is the cumulating cost of both fixed and variable cost the company incurs in their operational process. Miln et al (2014) on the other hand proposed similar definition of cost structure and stated that it as a method of determining the generated cost in any type of organisation. The author further states that the structure is likely to vary over industries due to the nature of the organization. For example, cost structure of a manufacturing company will surely vary from the one in the service industry. However, the incurred cost can be divided under two broad types that are fixed cost and variable cost. Larson and Gray (2013) identified fixed costs as the costs that are unlikely to change frequently, whereas, the variable costs falls under the cost that frequently changes. Airline Cost Structure As discussed, cost structures significantly various over industries. The cost structure of airlines industry as identified by Button (2017) can be divided into direct operating cost, indirect operating cost and overhead cost. Direct operating costs are directly assigned to the operations of the airplanes and comfort of the passengers. Some of the direct operating cost incurred by the airline companies is fuel, maintenance, aircraft etc. Indirect operating charges as categorised by Osadchy and Akhmetshin (2015) are parking charges, crew and cabin salary etc. Sales and marketing expenses, accounting expenses, personnel related expenses on the other hand are categories under overhead cost by the authors. Impact of Direct Operating Cost As argued by Ferguson et al (2013), direct operating costs are the primary determinants of the cost structure in an airlines company and has significant influence on the pricing of the services provided. Modification of this cost structure incurred by the organisation significantly modifies the pricing of the products. The major players in the airplane related direct operating cost as identified by Ryerson and Hansen (2013) are the fuel price and aircraft price. A number of factors associated with costing further influences these operating costs. The primary influential factor as stated by Morrell (2013) in the currency exchange rate, that significantly modifies the incurred import rate of the products. Impact of fuel cost on cost structure Ryerson and Hansen (2013) in their research on Jet aircrafts identified that the inclined price of the fuel had devastating effect on the operating cost of the airline. The authors categorised the fuel price as the under the variable cost within the cost structure. This led the company to modify the cost model. They further related the fuel cost with the aircraft age as the incurred fuel cost is related to the condition and age of the aircraft. They further developed two cost models for identification of the efficiency of each model as low cost structure. Lim and Hong (2014) on the other hand identified the efficiency of fuel hedging on controlling low cost structure. The authors opined that The large fuel consuming companies can significantly reduce their operation cost by introducing fuel hedging model for minimising their incurred costs. Impact of Aircraft cost on cost structure Airline companies falls under the service industry, which only provides services to the customers instead of manufacturing anything. Hence, the products utilised in the process are imported from the manufacturers. The primary product that they import are the aircrafts itself, costing of which falls under the operating cost structure of the company. However, acquisition of appropriate aircraft is necessary for the airline company in formulating their cost structure and generating revenue. Hu and Zhang (2015) argued that it is possible that the revenue generated form an aircraft is lesser than the investment with requires the company to shutdown that particular aircraft. Impact of currency exchange rate on airline cost structure Morrell (2013) in his book pointed out the impact of the currency exchange rate on the airlines cost structure and profitability. Domestic airlines in this case are likely to be less effected due to the currency movement. Zeller and Metzger (2013) in their work successfully explained the impact of exchange rate on the international airlines companies on the profitability. This has been a critical issue for the international airlines companies and an important parameter for the airline operational cost. Company formulating pricing based on a particular currency faces competitive challenge in the market due to the exchange rate and accidentally might position themselves in a disadvantageous position due to the exchange rate. Customers might enjoy a greater benefits form a different airlines in the scenario. Furthermore, as stated by Delbari et al (2016) fluctuation in the currency rate is the greatest threat to the airline companies. This might significantly reduce the profit margin in of the company. Delta Airlines faced similar issue in their operations in Pacific market during the fourth quarter of 2014, when value of the Japanese yen drastically fell increasingly against the US dollar. This reduced the Deltas revenue by US$31 million (Sergio Mendoza, 2018). Exchange rate has similar impact on the other section of the operating cost. The primary sections that can be identified are aircraft import and fuel price. Modification in the exchange rate significantly modifies the fuel rate (Lim and Hong, 2014). This fluctuation in the costing destabilise the cost structure of the company. Fuel price is occasionally modified due to the exchange rate of currency. This demands the company to put the fuel cost under the flexible costing of the cost structure. Exchange rate has similar impact on the aircraft pricing. Lim and Hong (2014) relates the issue to the import and export of the aircrafts as the airline companies has to buy aircraft from the limited number of manufacturers around the world. Fluctuation of the exchange rate modifies the cost incurred by the company on the purchase, hence, affecting the operational cost of the company. Literature Gap The existing literature identifies the issues separately and fails to identify the relationships between the phenomenons. However, these interrelated issues are faced by the airline organisations. Gap into the literature provides opportunity for connecting the issues and identify how these elements influence each other, ultimately modifying the cost structure of the organisations. Objective of the research To identify the risk factors associated with fluctuations in exchange rates To identify the current strategies used by Qantas to mitigate risk factors associated with fluctuations in exchange rates To identify the impact of imported aircraft prices on cost structure of Qantas To identify the impact of currency exchange rate on imported fuel prices of Qantas To identify the impact of currency exchange rate has impact on cost structure of Qantas To identify the impact of fuel prices on the cost structure of Qantas To recommend suitable strategies for reducing the cost structure of Qantas Research Design The unidentified facts in a study are systematically revealed in research methodology. The approaches, designs and methods used during the overall study is described using research methodology. The research methodology will provide justification for choosing each of the methods. The variation of research methodology will be based on the nature of research, research purpose and general classification. Various criteria will determine whether the study is quantitative or qualitative, applied or fundamental, analytical or descriptive, exploratory or conclusive (Best and Kahn, 2016). This study belongs to the category of an applied research where a current research problem faced by Qantas. The managers in their organizational business model can implement the findings of the study. The identification of methods for data collection and analysis can be executed by research philosophy. Research philosophy increases the awareness of the assumptions and beliefs of the study. However, selection of the appropriate research methodology will depend on the practical implication. Positivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism are the different research philosophies used in the study (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Interpretivism consists of human element where reality is accessed using social construction. Phenomenology, constructivism and hermeneutics are combined in interpretivism. The view accepted in research is subjectivism, which consists of data collection from secondary sources such as blogs, articles, and peer reviewed journals. Naturalistic approach is used for conducting survey and questionnaires. Human mind is not dependent on reality where scientific approach is used for forming the main assumptions in realism. Realism will consist of both critical and direct re alism, where critical realism rejects human experiences and direct realism accepts human senses (Creswell and Poth, 2017). Positivism is used to identify the hidden facts and truths through observations. In positivism philosophy, the researchers are limited through collection and interpretation of data. Statistical analysis will be used for data analysis as observations are quantifiable in research. When actions support the concept then pragmatism will accept the dogmas as legit. There are multiple realities and various ways of interpreting data. In order to move to a different position on the range, the philosophical assumptions are modified. This is effective generally for dogmas that are mutually exclusive such as positivism and interpretivism. In this study positivism is the research philosophy selected as it will improve the scope of observation by allowing testing of formulated hypotheses. Deductive approach, abductive approach and inductive approach are the three different types of approaches in research (Flick, 2015). In deductive approach, the existing theories in the literature review are validated by testing the hypotheses formulated. Inductive approach is used for generation of new theories and generalizations in the study. Thus, deductive approach facilitates in quantitative measuring and analysis of data. Inductive approach is conducted in scarce resources and risk is high due to formulation of new theories. Abductive approach introduces facts that are surprising and the entire process will focus on examining and explaining he validity of these facts. This research consists of four hypotheses, which will be validate by using deductive approach. Thus, the deductive approach will improve the observational scope in the study. There are two types of research design in the study and they are conclusive and explorative research (Kumar, 2014). Exploratory research will not provide relevant conclusion by exploring the research questions. The studies in which the problems are not defined accurately will use explorative research design to gather relevant information. The alternate option to a specific problem will be provided by using explorative study. The research problem in conclusive study will be framed in a structured way and specific conclusion will be reached by using conclusive research design. This present study will use conclusive research for proving the existing theories in the study by testing the hypotheses. This study will consist of primary data collection method for conducting quantitative data analysis (Orkin, 2014). The study consists of single design so quantitative analysis is conducted through surveys and questionnaire. The questionnaire will consist of close-ended question asked to the employees at lower level in Qantas. Quantitative analysis is chosen because as the it takes less amount of time and comparison of findings can be done in easier way. The raw data collected using quantitative analysis will be transformed into meaningful data by using research tools of different types. Mean, mode and median will be calculated in descriptive statistics. Regression analysis is done to identify the degree and nature of relationship between variables in the study. The study will conduct four-regression analysis to link the variables to reach validate conclusion in the study. The selection of sample population form the overall population in the study can be done using sampling. When the sample population is large, the difficulty level of quantitative analysis and comparison becomes complex. Thus, for complexity reduction, the study will use sampling method to select a small sample size, which will represent the overall population. Probabilistic sampling and non-probabilistic sampling are two different types of sampling method used in the academic and business research (Panneerselvam, 2014). Probabilistic sampling consists of different methods such as, cluster sampling stratified sampling, systematic sampling and simple random sampling. Systematic sampling will select the kth variable form the population sample where k is the range. Stratified sampling will divide the population in groups that are non-overlapping and then simple random sampling will be used to select sample population from each of the groups. Simple random sampling will use randomization t o select population randomly. This will provide equal opportunity to the overall population of being selected in the study. Non-probabilistic sampling will include extensive sampling, snowball sampling, quota-sampling convenience sampling, and judgement sampling. This is used when there is a cost constraint in the study and population size is small. This is also used for gather-hidden population where there is scarcity of data. In this study, 250 employees in Qantas will be interviewed using structured close-ended questionnaire and 50 samples will be selected using simple random sampling. Researchers can use methods used in a specific study to gain similar results or different results. When the results are similar then it can said that the reliability of the study is high. Validity is the accuracy and precision of different instrument used in the study (Einstein, 2014). Validity and reliability in a study has to be high for obtaining positive result. References Baur, D. 2014.Explainer: how the Australian dollar affects the results of companies. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-the-australian-dollar-affects-the-results-of-companies-72585 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Best, J.W. and Kahn, J.V., 2016.Research in education. Pearson Education India. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Button, K. ed., 2017.Airline deregulation: international experiences(Vol. 1). Routledge. Creswell, J.W. and Poth, C.N., 2017.Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Delbari, S.A., Ng, S.I., Aziz, Y.A. and Ho, J.A., 2016. An investigation of key competitiveness indicators and drivers of full-service airlines using Delphi and AHP techniques.Journal of Air Transport Management,52, pp.23-34. Einstein, A., 2014. Reliability and Validity.Rethinking Value-Added Models in Education: Critical Perspectives on Tests and Assessment-Based Accountability, p.131. Ferguson, J., Kara, A.Q., Hoffman, K. and Sherry, L., 2013. Estimating domestic US airline cost of delay based on European model.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,33, pp.311-323. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Hu, Q. and Zhang, A., 2015. Real option analysis of aircraft acquisition: A case study.Journal of Air Transport Management,46, pp.19-29. Kumar, R., 2014.Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Lim, S.H. and Hong, Y., 2014. Fuel hedging and airline operating costs.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, pp.33-40. Lim, S.H. and Hong, Y., 2014. Fuel hedging and airline operating costs.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, pp.33-40. Miln, M.J., Frendi, F., Gonzlez-Gonzlez, R. and Caja, G., 2014. Cost structure and profitability of Assaf dairy sheep farms in Spain.Journal of dairy science,97(8), pp.5239-5249. Morrell, P.S., 2013.Airline finance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Morrell, P.S., 2013.Airline finance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Orkin, K., 2014. Data Collection Methods. InEncyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research(pp. 1430-1432). Springer Netherlands. Osadchy, E.A. and Akhmetshin, E.M., 2015. Accounting and control of indirect costs of organization as a condition of optimizing its financial and economic activities.International Business Management,9(7), pp.1705-1709. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Qantas.com 2018.Fly with one of the worlds most experienced airlines | Qantas IN. [online] Qantas.com. Available at: https://www.qantas.com/in/en.html [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Ryerson, M.S. and Hansen, M., 2013. Capturing the impact of fuel price on jet aircraft operating costs with Leontief technology and econometric models.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,33, pp.282-296. Ryerson, M.S. and Hansen, M., 2013. Capturing the impact of fuel price on jet aircraft operating costs with Leontief technology and econometric models.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,33, pp.282-296. Sergio Mendoza, P. 2018.How do fuel and exchange rates affect airline pricing strategies?. [online] airnguru.com. Available at: https://www.airnguru.com/blog/how-do-fuel-and-exchange-ratesaffect-an-airline-pricing-strategy [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Shepherd, R.W., 2015.Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton University Press. Wray, S. 2017.Qantas issues a challenge to Boeing and Airbus. [online] FINN. Available at: https://www.wearefinn.com/topics/posts/qantas-issues-a-challenge-to-boeing-and-airbus/ [Accessed 19 Jan. 2018]. Zeller, T.L. and Metzger, L.M., 2013. Good Bye Traditional Budgeting, Hello Rolling Forecast: Has The Time Come?.American Journal of Business Education (Online),6(3), p.299.

The Nineteenth Century Essays - Slavery In The United States

The Nineteenth Century The Nineteenth Century American The Nineteenth Century American was very different than the Twentieth Century American. They had different technology, food, laws, dress, customs, view of art and beauty, and family structure. They lived a lot differently than we do and they acted differently, also. They liked different things, and had different customs, also. They spoke English, but used different words and words had different meanings. The Nineteenth Century American ate many different things, but most of theme were simple. During the Nineteenth Century, the potato chip was invented. American Indian George Crum invented them in 1853. He was a chef at a fancy restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. Crum made French fries that were too thin to grab with a fork, to make a customer mad. They ate many things but mostly simple things. The enjoyed eating the hamburger, but they ate it on a plate, and not on a bun. Also Dr. Pepper was invented in the Nineteenth Century. A man named Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas invented it in 1885. He was a pharmacist, and he was experimenting with different flavors in soda. Also Nineteenth Century Americans ate oysters, oyster stew, New England clam chowder, many kinds of fruit pies, and seafood. Coffee was served with all meals. Breakfast was served around seven, dinner (now called lunch) at noon (except on Sunday where it was served around two), and supper at six. Nineteenth Century Americans wore completely different clothes than the Twentieth Century Americans. Many young boys and men would wear suits, even as play clothes. Many were dark blue, with or black. There were many ruffles and cuffs. Many men and boys would wear tan colored shoes. Most women wore long hooping skirts, also with many cuffs and ruffles. For work, many men wore blue jeans, after Levi Straus invented them. In the early Nineteenth Century, most people were of the Protestant religion. There were a few Catholics and a few Jews, also. Starting around 1820, many Roman Catholics and German Lutherans immigrated to the United States from Ireland and Germany, respectively. During the Nineteenth Century, many new religious groups were formed. Some examples are the Mormons (The Church of Latter Day Saints), Church of Christ, Christian Scientist, Seventh Day Adventist, the Shakers, and the Jehovah Witness. Many issues, such as slavery and marriage, caused denominations to branch apart. There have been many law changes in the United States since the Nineteenth Century, including many major ones, including slavery. In 1854, Massachusetts, Oregon, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Vermont all had prohibition laws that lasted until the beginning of the Civil War. From when the colonies became a country until the early Nineteenth Century, slavery was very wide spread, especially in the South. Many farmers and Plantation owners in the south had hundred or even thousands of slaves. Around 1860, there were as many as four million slaves, making up at east one-third of the population. During the early Nineteenth Century, many Northerners fought for abolition, while many Southerners fought for pro slavery. Some Southerners went as far as to say slavery was in the Bible, or that it helped the African-Americans, because they would have had a far worse life in Africa. The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed in 1850, by the United States Cong ress hoped to regain peace and end the fighting between the North and South. These laws helped delay civil war for about 10 years. However, from 1861 until 1865 the Civil War was fought to keep the Southern states from leaving the Union over slavery. The Union won on April 9, 1865, when General Lee Surrenders to General Grant at Appomatox. On January 31, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was proposed and on December 6, 1865 it was ratified. It outlawed slavery in all parts of The United States. Proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution stated that all people born in the United States should have equal rights. However, even after the Civil War, most African Americans were still not treated equally. In Mississippi, for example, all African Americans had to have proof

Executive Summary Essays - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Executive Summary Essays - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Executive Summary Learning Team A ACC 280 March 8, 2012 Rod Klein Executive Summary Company history: When was the company founded? By whom? List other historical facts. Walt Disney began his career in animation. He made animated commercials for the Kansas City Slide Company. In his free time, he began making his own cartoons. Walt asked his brother, Roy, to join him in launching the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. It was founded on October 16, 1923 (Malloy, 2008). Walt Disneys theme park dream began as he sat on a bench watching children ride a merry-go-round. He wondered why no one had ever created a place where both parents and children could have fun at the same time. Disney believed in his idea, and he was willing to risk everything he owned to make it a reality. Walt and his brother Roy mortgaged everything they owned to raise $17 million to build Disneyland, but fell short of what they needed. ABC agreed to fund the project in exchange for part ownership and a weekly show (Malloy, 2008). Disney bought 160 acres of orange groves and began construction on May 1954. On July 17, 1955, the Disney theme park opened for invited guests. The following day, 10,000 members of the public were admitted for a $1 admission fee (Malloy, 2008). Disney is a diversified successful company. Walt Disney World opened October 1, 1971. Since then Epcot, MGM, Animal Kingdom, Pleasure Island, and three water parks opened. DisneyLands were also opened in Tokyo, Paris, and Hongkong (Eglinton, 2008). ABC broadcasting stations, programming stations, and radio groups are among Disneys resources. The Disney consumer products, ESPN, theater productions, and Disney Cruise Line are other sourcs of income (Who We Are, 2008). Who is the audit firm for the company? The Audit Committee of the board of directors is responsible for the selection of the independent auditors. Price Waterhouse Coopers, LLP, is a company providing independent audits for the Walt Disney Company (Walt Disney Company, 2012). What stock exchange is the company listed on? What is their ticker symbol? The Walt Disney Company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The companys ticker symbol is DIS (Scottrade, 2012). How much cash and cash equivalents did the company have at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? The cash and cash equivalents that Walt Disney Company had at the end of 2009 was $3,417,000. For 2010, it was $2,722,000. What were the companys total current assets at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? In what order should current assets be presented? Walt Disney Companys total current assets in 2009 were $11,889,000. In 2010, total current assets were $12,225,000. Current assets should be presented in the order that they are expected to be available for paying debts. What were the two largest current assets at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? The two largest current assets at the end of 2009 were Property Plant and Equipment in the amount of $17,806,000 and Goodwill in the amount of $21,683,000. In 2010, it was Property Plant and Equipment with $17,806,000 and Goodwill in the amount of $24,100,000. What were the companys total assets at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? The total assets for Walt Disney Co. in millions: Dec 2011 Oct 2010 $73,877 $69,206 (MSN Money, 2012) What amount of accounts payable did the company have at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? The total amount of accounts payable in millions: Oct 2011 Oct 2010 $4,546 $4,413 (MSN Money, 2012) What were the companys total current liabilities at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? Walt Disneys total current liabilities at the end of the most recent annual reporting periods: Sept 2011 Sept 2010 $34.74 B $31.69B What were the companys two largest current liabilities at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? Walt Disneys two largest current liabilities at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods: Sept 2011 Sept 2010 $12.09 B $11.0 B What were the companys total liabilities at the end of its two most recent annual reporting periods? Walt Disneys total liabilities at the end of 2010

How an Administrative Job Can Be a Stepping Stone

How an Administrative Job Can Be a Stepping Stone The administrative job can be a great stepping stone to something bigger, whether you are talking about health care jobs, working in an office or in other fields. Because administrative jobs entail multiple duties and can evolve over time, this is the perfect spot to branch out and work your way toward a new career. Successful strategies can work to make a smooth transition and show you the opportunities available before you start checking classified ads for jobs.Examine Your Job DutiesTake a look at your current and past job duties and make a list of your strong points, including your experience and training. For example, suppose you want to go into the communications field. Look at your experience and talents, and list which of those would be applicable in that particular field. If you have extensive knowledge of computer programs, such as Excel and Microsoft Word, can you use this expertise to transition into the vast computer field? Customer relations, financial matters and proje ct coordination may also be a part of your job and can be transitioned into employment in a new area.Look at Your Resume With a Critical EyeThink about what would interest a hiring manager to evolve into your new career, and whether you have the necessary skills you need to move up the ladder. If not, it might be a good time to take a few courses, complete a degree or get the other necessary skills you need to make the move.Make a Plan in AdvanceBe clear about your goal and focus on one, not on several potential jobs that can raise you into a leadership position. Do you want to segway into information or computer management, administrative services, marketing or some other field? Spreading yourself too thin when job hunting can be a mistake. The key is to decide on a field and focus.Write a New ResumeOnce youve targeted the new job you want, rewrite your resume to include applicable skills and experience. Further enhance your resume when you want to put in a job application, so that it reflects both those skills and fulfills the requirements for the job.Provide Examples on Your ResumeA flat resume on the locations you have worked and job duties isnt enough and doesnt truly say how you benefited your previous company. Use examples of how you were an asset to your previous company and how this could transition into the new job. For example, an administrative services manager oversees the smooth operation of a business and directs staff but has many more duties. Use what experience you have to show that you have what it takes to slip easily into the new position.Work on Interview SkillsHaving a great resume for a job helps you get your foot in the door. However, sailing through the interview is necessary to get hired or invited back for a second interview. Practice answering common interview questions and get a family member or friend to help. Pare down the time it takes to respond to questions so your answers are succinct and to the point but cover the informati on you want to convey. Dress appropriately for your interview, and try to present yourself as relaxed and confident.Remember to Clean Out Your Social Media PagesBefore even applying for new jobs, take the time to clean out your social media pages of items you wouldnt want a hiring manager to see, such as profane language or pics of your last out-of-control party. In addition, now is the time to rework your LinkedIn page to include the skills and expertise you want to highlight. Since such a high percentage of employers check social media pages before making an offer, forgetting to update your LinkedIn account can result in the lack of a job offer.Hunting for Your New JobWhen looking for a job to move up the ladder, knowing what to do to make it easier helps. Job hunting in a practical way is also a good idea, instead of depending on job classifieds. TheJobNetwork does your job search for you by sending you email alerts when jobs become available in your chosen field. All you do is f ill out your qualifications and job interests. Sign up with TheJobNetwork to get started.

MNE should stop outsourcing to developing countries 2 Assignment

MNE should stop outsourcing to developing countries 2 - Assignment Example The information collected will then be analyzed using tables and graphs. As competition continues to be tough, organizations are seeking to counter challenges presented by the ever-changing environment by frequently coming up with strategies that will ensure effective performance. One of such strategies is outsourcing. Outsourcing refers to the practice of entrusting part or whole of an organization’s function or process to a supplier. There has been great concern regarding the negative impacts that such a move can pose to an organization in terms of employee performance. For instance, Rosheen and Hammayoun assert that the practice of outsourcing may lead to grave effects on employee commitment and loyalty because the outsourced agencies may not be well aware of the organizations culture, values, and goals. The term â€Å"Multinational Enterprise (MNE)† denotes a kind of firm, which has its headquarters in only one country but has operations in several other nations. In other words, organizations’ that have their own production and/or service accommodations in one or more than one nation apart from home country is known as a multinational enterprise (Dunning and Lundan 3-5). Organizations strive to cut on costs by employing the outsourcing technique in order to stay competitive as well as maintaining a strong financial base. However, Bockerman and Marilanta suggest that the short-term costs occasioned by adjustments as a result of outsourcing, lead to resentment from employees. This will in turn have negative effects on the level of job satisfaction among the employees of an organization. In this regard, it is observed that outsourcing has become a key strategy for the multinational enterprises. In accordance with Wladimir Andreff (2009), multinational enterprises strateg ies are actually influenced by certain theoretical models; among them John

A critical analysis of the local, national and international context Essay

A critical analysis of the local, national and international context of Inclusive Education - Essay Example anchored on consolidation of the existing capacity, policies and practices of the education system in a country to reach out to students with special needs and disability and seeks to eliminate the distinction between SEND as well as regular students (Sovic & Blythman, 2013). Students with special education needs experience learning difficulties when subjected under the normal school environment caused by diversified factors such as the autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), physical impairments, and cerebral palsy. The National Association for Special Educational Need (NASEN) has classified students with special educational needs under three broad categories including School Action, School Action Plus and statement plus special education, which facilitates the implementation of policy and practice for students with SEND as well as inclusion in various educational institutions. Over the years, legislations, policies, and strategies have been implemented to set an inclusive school environment for SEND provisions, which have been accommodated in the education school system such as the Special Education Act 20that has had a global influence in the promotion of inclusive education. Initially, the subject of whether children with special education needs should be included in special or mainstream school was controversial and it was only until 1990 that saw the inception of inclusive education (Black-Hawkins, Florian & Rouse, 2007). Special Educational Needs Act was implemented on 2009, which highlighted the policies and legal rights of students with disabilities in the UK. Similarly, a number of strategies have also been placed to ensure students with SEND swiftly adapt to the mainstream schools such as provision physical amenities that are friendly to students with disabilities including ramps (DfE, 2011). On an equal measure various local and international le gislations and policies have also been enacted to ensure that students with SEND are provided with equal

Long-Range Goals Essay Example for Free

Long-Range Goals Essay Every one of us builds dreams and creates goals of our own. And those goals and aspirations are frequently rooted on our desires, wants and wishes, which depend on our personal experiences and current situations in life. My long-range personal goals revolve on three vital things: academics, professional and financial matters. Academic goals focus on my desire to graduate from college and to pursue further education. In fact, I am the first one in the family who is going to obtain a diploma. I am currently in my freshman taking general courses and a major course in Accounting. However, because I have come up with a realization lately, I now desire to become a Math teacher. In order to achieve it, I have to change my major courses. Therefore I am going to enlist in courses under the Teaching Program. Right after college I plan to have my Masters Degree on Education in order for me to achieve my academic goal. My professional visions center on my desire to become the person I yearn for my self to be: a Math teacher. I need to fulfill the responsibilities of being one. I have to teach diligently and faithfully the subject I am required to teach. Moreover, I have to maintain proper order and discipline in the classroom. I have to maintain an approachable and amiable atmosphere with my students. I am going to share them learning that would be kept in tact in their heart and mind. My financial goals center on my vision to earn for my education and for my family and to have a stable career so that I would have a steady source of income. Currently, I work as a part-time employee. I do my job three days in a week to support myself especially my education and to sustain my family because my father has no job and my mother is mentally ill. Even though I am employed, I can definitely say that I am a full-time student because I never get absent to class and I do my schoolwork and projects. At present, I live in a Project I really hate to live in. I believe that the only way for me to have a better life is for me to be educated. I desire for my dreams and visions to come true and I know that education is the ultimate key in reaching them. My character, perseverance and wisdom are the supporting factors that go hand in hand with education.

Comparing Oedipus Rex and King Lear Essay -- comparison compare contra

Comparing Oedipus Rex and King Lear   Ã‚   Oedipus Rex and King Lear are, as their titles announce, both about kings. These two plays are similar in theme and in the questions they pose to the audience. The kings in each play both fall from the pinnacle of power to become the most loathed of all classes in society; Oedipus discovers that he is a murderer and committer of incest, and Lear becomes a mad beggar. Misjudgments occur in both plays, and the same questions about the gods, fate, and free will are posed. In spite of these similarities, however, the final effects of these two plays differ greatly.    For me, as I read Oedipus Rex again this fall, I experienced a sensation nearly of agony. Because I had already known the myth as well as read the play, I was in the Greek's position of foreknowledge. This caused me to feel acutely the irony of Oedipus' confident declarations that the murderer of Laius should be "driven from every house, / Being, as he is, corruption itself to us," and again on the next page,    As for the criminal, I pray to God- Whether it be a lurking thief, or one of a number- I pray that that man's life be consumed in evil and wretchedness. And as for me, this curse applies no less If it should turn out that the culprit is my guest here, Sharing my hearth. (13-14)    Oedipus has absolutely no idea that the murderer he is denouncing so vehemently is, in fact, himself. The fact that the reader knows that, and he does not, becomes increasintly painful, especially in the line where Oedipus says, "And as for me, this curse applies no less...." Oedipus means only that he will not protect the guilty, even under the constraints of hospitality; he has absolutely no ... ...n has already occurred, is concentrated fully on them. King Lear comes to a much more acceptable resolution.    At the end of Oedipus Rex, I felt nothing but relief that the worst was finally over. King Lear also made me sigh heavily with relief, but it was more cathartic than the other. There is less agony in the experience of the play, and the ending is more resolved. While Sophocles leaves the audience with a burden of unresolved issues, Shakespeare, though not resolving them, makes them less cumbersome. In this way, King Lear, though no less a tragedy than Oedipus Rex, seems less ponderous and sad.   Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Ed. Russell Fraser. Newly revised ed. New York: Penguin Group, 1998. Sophocles. "Oedipus Rex." Trans. Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald. The Oedipus Cycle. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1939.

Polynomials: Mathematics and Polynomial Function

Using Polynomials in the â€Å"Real World† Polynomial functions are used in our everyday lives in a few different ways, this includes art, architecture, construction, financial planning, and manufacturing. We can also calculate how long it will take one person to do a job alone when we know how long it takes a group to get it done as well. Farmers on crop farms work dawn to dusk through the growing season to produce the grains, fruits, and vegetables that feed the country. These equations help them to determine how long they need to work on a certain project.One application of polynomials is that for any smooth curve we can approximate this curve by a graph of a polynomial function with sufficient degree. If you have real life data up to certain time, you can sketch the graph of the data and you want to predict the behavior of the data in the future. One way to solve this is to approximate the curve that you obtained from your data by a graph of a polynomial function hoping th at this polynomial function can also approximate the data in the future.Polynomial equations are also used in creating buildings, landscapes and even roller coasters. Lastly, and most importantly, using polynomials to pass high school and college. In every math class, using polynomials to graph and to find the possible rational zeroes is a big part in getting an A in the class. If you don’t know how to to this stuff then you can’t keep doing harder and harder math, like going from pre calculus to calculus.

Black People Essay

Tar Baby Toni Morrison’s novel might for some be a novel of cultural awakening. One also might at their first reading and perhaps also by reading the different studies made on Tar Baby, restricted to an interpretation that sees Jadine, Morrison’s protagonist, as woman who has, consciously or unconsciously, lost her â€Å"ancient properties† (305) and internalized the values of a white culture. Jadine has totally disconnected herself from her racial identity and cultural heritage. This reading is supported by the fact that Jadine has got her education in Europe with the financial assistance of Valerian Street (her aunt’s and uncle’s employer). Paraphrasing Marylyn sanders Mobley – the characterization of the protagonist, Jadine, draws attention to a fundamental problem as one that Morrison wants to affirm the self-reliance and freedom of a black woman who makes choices for her own life on her own terms. She also seeks to point out the dangers that can happen to the totally self-reliant if there is no historical connection. While the conflict in Tar Baby is undoubtedly â€Å"between assimilation and cultural nationalism represented by the sealskin coat Ryk has given her and the pie table† (Rayson, 94), the limiting categories which Jadine is continually forced into do not come from the white characters but primarily from the black community in which she finds herself because she (Jadine) has embraced white stereotypes along with white culture. While Valerian is portrayed as the traditional master-figure in the novel, it is actually Son, Sydney and Ondine, and the folk past represented by the different women in different places that try to conquer and dominate Jadine, who retain and represent their culture in the very colour of their skin. On the other hand, one could argue that it is as a result of Jadine’s university education in Europe and her career that further draws her away from her culture and identity and therefore (paraphrasing Mobley in Toni Morrison critical perspectives past and present) contributes significantly to the emotional and spiritual uncertainty that plague her as well as the many different roles that are imposed upon her by her aunt and uncle as well as the ‘society’ that caused her to seek upward social mobility. Sydney and Ondine, Jadine’s uncle and aunt in the novel can be seen as representative of one of the tar pits for Jadine. They do not accept all black people equal in the community in which they live because they employ racial hierarchies. Ondine sees herself as the only woman in the house (209), while Sydney notes more than twice that he is a Philadelphia Negro, â€Å"the proudest people in the race† (61). They seem to have a clear vision of what they want for Jadine their niece. As the story progresses, though, it becomes clearer that it is not actually a question of what they want for Jadine but what they want of her or expect her to do. In addition to them wanting Jadine to provide them safety and credit for their race, Ondine admits by the end of the novel, â€Å"maybe I just wanted her to feel sorry for us [†¦ ] and that’s a lowdown wish if I ever had one† (282). Jadine understands that Sydney and Ondine â€Å"had gotten Valerian to pay her tuition while they sent her the rest† (49) and Ondine keeps reminding that she â€Å"would have stood on her feet all day all night to put Jadine through that school† (193). Ondine sees Jadine as her â€Å"crown† (282), and she and Sydney are continually â€Å"boasting† (49) about Jadine’s success to the point that Margaret calls Ondine â€Å"Mother Superior† (84). In return, they seem to want Jadine to offer them safety for the rest of their lives as Ondine claims that â€Å"Nothing can happen to us as long as she’s here† (102). They are not comfortable with the idea of Jadine marrying Ryk, who is â€Å"white but European which was not as bad as white and American† (48), but they are terrified of her running off with a â€Å"no-count Negro† (193) like Son. Although their views on racial hierarchies seem to alter from time to time, on the outside they seem to want what is best for Jadine. Jadine refute Ondine’s views of black womanhood when she tells her some of the things that are expected of her from society Jadine tells Ondine that: â€Å"I don’t want to learn how to be the kind of woman you’re talking about because I don’t want to be that kind of woman† (282). This, according to Rayson (1998), might be interpreted as Jadine’s â€Å"rejecting the roles of mother, daughter, and woman to stay the tar baby† (Rayson, 95), however it marks her becoming aware of what kind of woman she is by the end of the novel. Jadine‘s inclination toward upward social mobility leads to her separation from the Afro-American roots and the tar quality that Morrison advocates. This kind of flaw in Jadine effectively disqualifies her as a black woman capable of nurturing a family and by large the community. Jadine‘s perception of an ancestral relationship from which she is estranged occurs when she sees an African woman in a Parisian bakery. When she is celebrating her success as model evidenced in her appearance on the cover of Elle, Jadine becomes nervous or perhaps uncomfortable by the African woman in yellow attire. She triggers an identity crisis in Jadine at the moment when she should have felt more secure with her professional achievement assured by beauty and education. In his African woman, Jadine catches a glimpse of beauty, a womanliness, an innate elegance, a nurturer, an authenticity that she had never known before: ? That woman‘s woman – that mother/sister/she/; that unphotographable beauty? (p. 43). By calling the African woman ? that mother/sister/she,? J. Deswal (online source â€Å"Tar Baby- Shodhganga) claims that â€Å"Morrison presents a threefold definition of womanhood which can thrive within the confines of family and community only. The three eggs she balances effortlessly in her ? tar-black fingers? (p. 44) appear to Jadine as if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhood†. Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin in A World of Difference: An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison explain the importance of the African woman‘s presence as such: â€Å"Whereas Jadine has just been rewarded for her conformity to Western ideals of feminity, the African woman suggests a more powerful version of black womanhood. Like some fertility goddess, she holds in her hand the secret of life. She is the mother of the world in whose black hands whiteness appears as something as easily crushed as cared for (71). When Jadine measures herself by the idea of black womanhood that she sees in the African woman the insecurities of her rootless condition surface in her mind. The women in yellow makes Jadine confront her female role and her sexuality†. Jadine sees ? something in her eyes so powerful? (p. 42) that she follows the woman out of the store. The writers also claim that â€Å"As a symbol of repudiation of Jadine‘s westernized lifestyle, the African woman ? looks right at Jadine? (p. 43) and spits on the pavement†. Jadine hates the woman for her spitting, but what she cannot do is escape feeling ? lonely in a way; lonely and inauthentic? as she tells the readers on page 45. When the sense of self is based on the denial of one‘s ethnic roots, one is certain to experience mental chaos and alienation. So, the woman‘s insult to Jadine had the powerful effect of challenging Jadine‘s choices: her white boyfriend, her girlfriends in New York, her parties, her picture on the cover of Elle and the way she lived her life. One can say that it is as a result of the African woman that Jadine desided to visit her aunt and uncle on the island. Jadine is confused and even questions her plans to marry Ryk, her white boyfriend: I wonder if the person he wants to marry is me or a black girl? And if it isn‘t me he wants, but any black girl who looks like me, talks and acts like me, what will happen when he finds out that I hate ear hoops, that I don‘t have to straighten my hair, that Mingus puts me to sleep, that sometimes I want to get out of my skin and be only the person inside – not American – not black – just me? (p. 45) It is through Son, however, that Morrison offers Jadine the ultimate opportunity to ‘redeem’ herself to her heritage, adapt it and revive her womanhood. Son picks up from where the African woman left off in a sense by making Jadine confront her inauthenticity. Jadine and Son enjoys their stay in New York because it is the place where Jadine feels at ease. She feels loved and safe: ? He ‘unorphaned’ her completely and gave her a brand-new childhood? (p. 231). In turn, Son is encouraged by her need and by his apparent ability to redefine Jadine culturally and emotionally. Son insists that he and Jadine goes to Eloe his hometown where Jadine will see how Son is rooted in family and cultural heritage. He attempts to rescue Jadine from her ignorance and disdain for her cultural heritage, trying in a sense to mould Jadine into the image of his black female ancestors. Son assumes that a relationship with Jadine will mean that they will have children together. He presses claims for family and community: ? He smiled at the vigour of his own heartbeat at the thought of her having his baby? (p. 220). Thus, he wants Jadine to love the nurturing aspects of home and fraternity. He is fed on dreams of his community women. The dreams of ? yellow houses with white doors? and ? fat black ladies in white dresses minding the pie table? (p. 119) are nourishment to Son. Sandra Pouchet Paquet (The ancestors as foundation in their eyes were watching god and tar baby) observes: ? In Son‘s dreams of Eloe, the African-American male ego is restored in a community of black man at the center of a black community. But however appreciative Son is of the beauty, the strength, and the toughness of black women; his vision is of male dominance; of the black women as handmaiden? (511). The image feminity that Son cherishes – of the black woman taking passive role as a nurturer of the hearth – is flagrantly opposite to Jadine‘s perception of the modern black woman. This terrifies Jadine and narrows the possibility of their forming a family. The modern, educated black woman seems to snivel at the aspects of traditional female- specific role as the nurturer of hearth and home. Decadent white values and life style thwart the black woman’s vital roles of building families and raising children. The modern black woman cannot be a complete human being, for she allows her education to keep her career separate from her nurturing role. The black woman is increasingly becoming able to define her own status and to be economically independent. She tries to seek equality in her relationship with men. Robert Staples gives an insight into the faltering dynamics of modern couples: ? What was once a viable institution because women were a subservient group has lost its value for some people in these days of women‘s liberation. The stability of marriage was contingent on the woman accepting her place in the home and not creating dissension by challenging the male‘s prerogatives? (125). The black woman‘s intrinsic quality of ? accepting her place in the home? is Morrison‘s tar quality. However, in advocating the tar quality Morrison does not admonish the educational and professional accomplishments of the black woman. In fact, the black woman is expected to achieve a balance between her roles in the domestic and professional fields. â€Å"It is the historical ability of black women to keep their families and careers together. In an era where both the black male and female seek to fulfill individual desires, relationships falter and, consequently, the prospects of the propagation of a family are not too bright. Jadine‘s tar quality is submerged by the white-like urge for freedom and self-actualization. As a result, she finds the conventions of black womanhood antithetical to her own value system†. At Eloe, Jadine is determined to resist rigid male-female role categorization. Jadine cannot ? understand (or accept) her being shunted off with Ellen and the children while the men grouped on the porch and after a greeting, ignored her? (p. 248). While at Eloe, Jadine is provided with yet another chance to attain certain qualities that is for black women. She is accustomed to living an upper-class white lifestyle so she finds the people of Eloe limited and backward. Their stifling little shacks are more foreign to her than the hotel-like splendor of Valerian‘s mansion. She stays in Aunt Rosa‘s house where she feels claustrophobically enclosed in a dark, windowless room. She feels ? she might as well have been in a cave, a grave, the dark womb of the earth, suffocating with the sound of plant life moving, but deprived of its sight? (p. 254). It is in this very room where Jadine and Son were having sex that she had a second awakening vision, which is more frightening than the one she had in Paris about the African Woman. Here, Older, black, fruitful and nurturing women – her own dead mother, her Aunt Ondine, Son‘s dead wife, the African woman in yellow and other black women of her past – become a threatening part of Jadine‘s dreams: I have breasts too,‘ she said or thought or willed, I have breasts too. ‘ But they didn‘t believe her. They just held their own higher and pushed their own farther out and looked at her,? (p. 261) and ? the night women were not merely against her†¦ not merely looking superior over their sagging breasts and folded stomachs, they seemed somehow in agreement with each other about her, and were all determined to punish her for having neglected her cultural heritage. They wanted to bind the person she had become and choke it with their breasts. The night women? accuse Jadine for trading the ? ancient properties? (p. 308) of being a daughter, mother, and a woman for her upward mobility and self-enhancement. All these women are punishing Jadine for her refusal to define herself in relation to family, historical tradition and culture. As they ‘brandish’ their breasts before her eyes, they mock and insult her with their feminity. Jadine finds these women backward and sees no self-fulfilling value in the roles that they serve. However, she is constantly haunted by dreams of the black female image that she seems to have lost throughout life. Ondine express shame and disappointment over her lack of concern for her family, the African woman, at the Parisian bakery, spits at her in disgust and the night women, in the vision at Eloe taunt her with their nurturing breasts. Having refuted her own black culture and heritage, Jadine face the consequence of a divided consciousness and a mental death. Her decision to end the love affair with Son— ? I can‘t let you hurt me again? (p. 274) is an evidence of her shunning womanhood and losing her Afro- American roots as she chooses Ryk her white boyfriend over Son who refused to become the person or image that Jadine wants him to be . Jadine is compelled to make her choice and she decides that it is in Paris, away from Son, where there are prospects of financial success and personal independence. She doesn‘t want what Son and Eloe have to offer: To settle for wifely competence when she could be a beauty queen or to settle for fertility rather than originality and nurturing instead of building? (p. 271). Jadine makes it clear to the reader that she is self-sufficient and independent of men, family and community.

Make Carbonated Fizzy Fruit With Dry Ice

Make Carbonated Fizzy Fruit With Dry Ice Use dry ice to carbonate fruit. The fruit will be filled with tingly carbon dioxide bubbles, like a soda. The fizzy fruit is great to eat on its own or it can be used in recipes. Fizzy Fruit Materials Dry iceFruitPlastic bowl You only need two ingredients for this project: dry ice and fruit. Make sure to use  food grade dry ice. There is another kind of commercial dry ice, not intended for use around food or consumption, which may contain icky-tasting and potentially unhealthy impurities. Food grade dry ice is solid carbon dioxide, minus the nastiness. Technically, you can use any fruit for this recipe, but there are some that work better than others. Apples, grapes, oranges and other citrus fruit, and bananas work great. Some people dislike the effect carbonation has on the flavor of strawberries. You may wish to experiment to suit your taste. A plastic bowl is recommended because it isnt likely to get cold enough to handle. There is a small risk of getting frostbite handling the base of a glass or metal bowl filled with dry ice with bare hands. Of course, if you wear gloves or use care, its not a big concern. Carbonate the Fruit You want the dry ice to be in relatively small chunks. If your dry ice came as pellets or chips, youre in good shape. Otherwise, you will need to smash your dry ice. Do this by placing the dry ice in a paper bag or by covering it with a dishcloth and whacking it (gently) with a hammer. You want to break it into pieces, not pulverize it.Dry ice vigorously sublimes into carbon dioxide gas. As this happens, the gas is pushed into the fruit. Thinner slices or pieces of fruit will become more saturated with carbon dioxide bubbles than larger pieces of fruit. You can use whole grapes or strawberries, but be sure to slice or chunk larger fruits, such as apples or bananas. Slicing grapes or strawberries in half opens them up and helps them get fizzier.Place some dry ice pellets in a bowl. Set the fruit on the dry ice. You can add more dry ice if you wish. If you like to play with my food, you can stir the mixture, but its not really necessary. If you want the fruit to get fizzy, but not free ze, place a small cutting board over the dry ice and set the fruit on top of the cutting board. The board should offer enough thermal insulation to protect the fruit. Allow time for the dry ice to sublime (at least 10 minutes). The fruit will freeze and become carbonated.Eat the fizzy fruit, using it in recipes or add it to drinks (makes interesting ice cubes). The fruit will remain fizzy as it thaws, but it should be used (frozen or thawed) within an hour or so because it will lose its bubbles. Fizzy Fruit Safety Tips There are videos that show people carbonating fruit by sealing dry ice and fruit in a plastic bottle. This is not a particularly safe plan since overpressuring the bottle will cause it to explode. If you decide to try this method, make sure your bottle is plastic (less shrapnel in the event of an explosion) and use a minimal amount of dry ice. I do not recommend this procedure. You can get fizzy fruit without risking a trip to the emergency room.This goes along with the first point: dont seal dry ice into a closed container.Dry ice is very cold, so dont handle it or eat it.Freshly frozen fizzy fruit is the same temperature as dry ice (around -109 °F) so allow it to warm a bit before consuming it. Fizzy Fruit Fun Facts Carbon dioxide bubbles, whether they be in soda, beer, or fizzy fruit, trigger a minor pain response in the nerves of the mouth and tongue. This actually enhances flavor and is one reason why carbonated food and drink is (ironically) pleasurable.Carbonation also affects the flavor of food directly by changing its pH. It makes food more acidic. Whether or not this improves flavor depends on the composition of the product.The pH change can also change the color of the fruit. Deeply-colored fruits are often natural pH indicators. Carbonated Fruit Recipe Ideas Slice strawberries, sugar them, and add a bit of water to make a syrup. Stir dry ice into the mixture to carbonate the berries and syrup. Use the carbonated strawberries as a topping for strawberry shortcake or ice cream.Slice apples and strawberries. Carbonate them with dry ice. Add them to champagne.Slice a banana. Make it fizzy then coat it with chocolate. Allow the banana to warm slightly before eating it.If you have leftover dry ice, another fun fizzy recipe to try is dry ice ice cream.

Who vs. Whom

Who vs. Whom Who vs. Whom Who vs. Whom By Maeve Maddox No doubt about it, the pronoun whom is in its death throes. If you need a refresher, here’s the difference: Who is the subject form of the pronoun, so it’s the doer of an action, as in That’s the man who climbed Everest. (subject of â€Å"climbed†). Whom is the object form of the pronoun, so it receives the action, as in Whom do you like best? (object of â€Å"like†). Most grammarians agree that English speakers can get along just fine by using who for both subject and object, as we do with the pronoun you: You light up my life. (subject) I love you. (object) An entrenched idiom like â€Å"to whom it may concern† will probably stick around for a while longer. Speakers for whom the who/whom distinction comes naturally will continue to use both forms. Even speakers who use who as an object may continue to use whom when it stands immediately after a preposition, but for the most part, the use of who for whom is a non-issue. The use of whom for who, however, is another matter. A great many speakersincluding professional news reportersfall into what I call the something-between trap. When somethinga subordinate clause or a stock phrase like â€Å"in my opinion†comes between the subject pronoun and its verb, the writer may stumble and use whom instead of who. Observe the problem in the following examples. 1. The heroine is teen-aged Frenchy Hercules, whom one suspects is the directors wife, 2. A Chicago man whom police believe is responsible for 11 burglaries to sheds and garages in the village is scheduled to appear in court Sept. 24 on theft charges, authorities said. 3. Fire personnel radioed deputies to stop the driver, whom, according to reports, appeared to have been under the influence of intoxicants. 4. Before we started coming to BBBA, I [had] taken him to numerous pitching and hitting coaches whom in my opinion were out for the money and not the overall improvement of my sons baseball ability. In each example, the whom should be who. If the errors jumped out at you as soon as you read the sentences, you may as well stop reading now. If you’re not quite sure why these uses of whom are incorrect, read on. Whom is an object form–like him–but in each of these sentences, the whom being used as the subject of a verb. Who is the subject form. Writers can avoid falling into the something-between trap with whom by taking a close look at all the verbs. Because whom can only be an object, eliminate all the subjects first. Determine which subject word goes with which verb. 1. The heroine is teen-aged Frenchy Hercules, whom one suspects is the directors wife. This sentence contains three verbs: is, suspects, and is. The subject of the first is is â€Å"heroine.† The subject of suspects is â€Å"one.† The subject of the second is is â€Å"who† (not whom). The in-between trap is â€Å"one suspects.† NOTE: the verb â€Å"suspects† is what tripped the writer up. In another context, suspects. could be used transitively: He’s the man whom the detective suspects. In this sentence, suspects has no object. 2. A Chicago man whom police believe is responsible for 11 burglaries to sheds and garages in the village is scheduled to appear in court Sept. 24 on theft charges, authorities said. This sentence contains four finite verbs: believe, is responsible, is scheduled, and said. The subject of believe is â€Å"police.† The subject of is responsible is â€Å"who† (not whom). The subject of is scheduled is â€Å"A Chicago man.† The subject of said is â€Å"authorities.† NOTE: The in-between trap is â€Å"police believe.† In another context, â€Å"believe† could take an object, but not here. 3. Fire personnel radioed deputies to stop the driver, whom, according to reports, appeared to have been under the influence of intoxicants. This sentence contains two finite verbs: radioed and appeared. The subject of radioed is â€Å"Fire personnel.† The subject of appeared is â€Å"who† (not whom). The in-between trap is â€Å"according to reports.† 4. Before we started coming to BBBA, I [had] taken him to numerous pitching and hitting coaches whom in my opinion were out for the money and not the overall improvement of my sons baseball ability. This sentence contains three finite verbs: started, had taken, and were. The subject of started is â€Å"we.† The subject of had taken is â€Å"I.† The subject of were is â€Å"who† (not whom). The in-between trap is â€Å"in my opinion.† If all this seems like too much grammar to deal with, there’s a second option for avoiding the something-between trap with whom. Stick with who. (Now isn’t that an interesting construction!) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Awoken or Awakened?Captain vs. Master

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example Electric Bike An electric bike or a scooter is an enhanced form of conventional bike that is operated by a battery. According to Graham and McGowan, (2008), electric bikes were first developed in Switzerland in 1980. These bikes use rechargeable batteries with the capability of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. They use direct drive or geared motor units. Electric motorized bicycles vary in cost and complexity. The key consideration associated with the acquiring of electric bikes is the range. This range is affected by factors such as battery capacity, motor efficiency, aerodynamics, weight of the bike and the rider (Lamy, 2001). Advantages of the Electric Bikes Jamerson and Benjamin (2009) assert that electric bikes are associated with numerous benefits as compared to conventional bikes or motors vehicles. They are effective for mountain climbing compared to conventional bikes because less energy and effort is required when riding them. Electric bikes are safer to use on rugged terrains or steep road junctions compared to cars. The running cost of electric bikes is lower compared to that of cars. Frequent use of the electric bikes enhances physical fitness. They vehemently promote green technology compared to motor vehicles or cars owing to the low energy consumption of the batteries. Their use reduces environmental pollution as it does not involve burning of fossil fuels like the case with vehicles. However, Jamerson and Benjamin (2004) warn that although these bikes reduce air pollution, some of their aspects such as disposal of worn out batteries pollute the environment. Hypothesis The consumer perception of the electric bikes is favourable. This is because it is technological enhanced compared to conventional bikes and associated with numerous benefits compared to motor vehicles or motor bikes. Aim The aim of the study is to identify the perception of the consumers towards the purchase of electric bikes. Objectives of the Study 1. To kno w the perception of the consumers toward electric bikes 2. To identify the awareness level of consumers on electric bikes 3. To determine the factors that influence consumer choice when buying 4. To find out other factors that affect the buying decisions of electric bikes 5. To find out the post purchase experiences and benefits of the electric bike to the costumer Some of the questions that will be included to gain insight on the proposed study include: 1. Are you informed about electric bikes? 2. How did you become aware of electric bikes? 3. How many members of your family are eligible for riding electric bikes? 4. Which features would you consider when buying an electric bike? among others Statement of the Problem Although the electric bikes have been on sale in the UK for some time, most people still prefer to use conventional bikes as compared to electric bikes (Drane et al., 2009). The research yearns to explore one of the factors that could be preventing customers from buyin g electric bikes. Sample The sample size will be 200 respondents. Survey Area The study will focus on the West End and East End districts of London. Half of the respondents will be outsourced from the West End region of London city while the rest will emanate from the East End district. This will enhance balance in terms of economic disparities i.e. the West End is characterised by the

Influences of Conformity and Obedience Paper Essay

Influences of Conformity and Obedience Paper - Essay Example But while conformity and obedience may be relatively easily defined, their incidences in various situations are not. Conformity and Obedience Defined Conformity generally entails group members changing their minds to suit the attitudes and opinions of the majority. Here we must also include the concept of compliance in understanding the nature of eventual obedience, since compliance is only slightly different from conformity in that in being compliant one must [consciously] adapt his or her actions to another’s wishes or rules. While the former has less to do with personality than choice, the latter requires of its subject a particular personality that allows them to yield. Obedience, on the other hand, requires the acknowledgment of authority and one’s acquiescence to it. Thus a compliant individual may not necessarily or automatically be inclined to conform, although studies have shown â€Å"†¦those that conform tend to be obedient and compliant† (Constabl e, Schuler, Klaber & Rakauskas 1999, par. 1-2). Solomon Asch: Group Pressure and Conformity Social psychologist Solomon Asch’s early (1951) experiments on group pressure and conformity, and ultimately his conclusions provide an interesting and sometimes disturbing clinical view of how humans pressured by the group perceive themselves in relationship to their environment and others. Much of what Asch concludes through the experiments links directly to psychological disorders prevalent in studies conducted over time. Therapies suggested for such disorders and favored by given psychologists often differ, undoubtedly due to what has been described above as differences in personalities that prompt unreasoning conformity, obedience or disobedience, or both. The conduct of Asch’s study was fairly straightforward. Ache showed students in groups of eight to ten--all of whom except one in each group had been coached beforehand to pick the wrong answer on twelve of the eighteen c ards. Each card had a group of three bar lines on the right, and one bar line. Students were asked to pick one bar from a series of three on the right that best matched the one bar on the left. Most subjects were told to deliberately give the wrong answer. Asch arranged the questioning so that most wrong answers would be given before the test subject in the group made his or her decision. The results were significant and according to Zimbardo and Gerrig (2010): â€Å"50 and 80 percent†¦conformed with the false majority estimate†¦a third†¦yielded to the majority’s wrong judgments on half or more of the critical trials† (p. 550). The results prompted Asch, according to age-of-the sage.org (n.d) to conclude: "The tendency to conformity in our society is so strong that reasonably intelligent and well-meaning young people are willing to call white black. This is a matter of concern. It raises questions about our ways of education and about the values that gui de our conduct" (par 7). What this says about our desire not to be different, but to conform with our peers is significant. What it may say in some cases about the role of obedience in this behavior is, according to Berg and Bass (1961) citing Champney (1941), pertinent. The significance of parental attitudes and behavior on the subsequent conformity found in their children†¦suggested that when parents tend to dominate their children, restraining the children's efforts to solve some of

Small Business Start-Up Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business Start-Up - Coursework Example 2. Jane and Michael have also prepared a break-even chart, showing fixed costs, total costs and total revenue. In doing this, they have assumed that the highest number of orders they could cope with is 2,500 a month. Your second task is to prepare this break-even chart. Michael and Jane plan to apply a wide range of marketing strategies for their business. Key among the strategies to be applied include but not limited to personal selling, fliers, posters, rack cards and signage. The entrepreneurs have decided to use the following promotional strategies owing to the fact that they are quite economical, easy to apply and the fact that their area operation is quite limited. For instance, the market niche for the business involves serving the wealthy homes of The entrepreneurs are interested in maintaining contact with their loyal customers. This is to ensure that the business does not lose their loyal customers to their competitors. Michael and Jane will employ techniques such as email to frequently contact their customers. Considering that Michael and Jane are still youths with limited skills in analyzing information relating to market patterns it is obvious that an individual will place a considerable low confidence level on the survey results of the young entrepreneurs.

Leadership style affect on employee work performance

Leadership style affect on employee work performance According to Khurana, R. (2002) leadership is essentially the secret to successfully fulfilling demanding roles in todays society. A leadership style encompasses a consistent combination of individual behaviors and attitudes towards group members in order to achieve goals. Effective leadership can be a fundamental tool in maximizing company performance and has elicited an abundance of research. Employee performance comprises of two components: performance on the job and withdrawal from the job (Brayfield, A.H. and Crockett, W.H., 1955). Performance on the job refers to factors such as efficiency and overall quantity and quality of output. Withdrawal from the job demonstrates adverse occurrences including absences, accidents and turnover. Subsequent definitions have marked performance as the ability to accomplish a purpose and produce the desired result (Chatman and Flynn, 2001). This essay seeks to outline types of leadership styles projected by various researchers. In a culture that has denoted the immense importance of effective leadership, it will then analyse the effects of leadership styles on employee work performance in accordance to the criteria above. To conclude, this essay will question the impact of leadership style, and finally debate whether it is crucial for adequate performance. During the twentieth century, it was thought that reaching goals were vital to success, leading to the development of classical theories such as Taylors theory of Scientific Management and Fords introduction of the Assembly Line. However, Mayos Hawthorne Studies exposed the importance of social factors in addition to economic motivators. Thus, the Human Relations Movement emerged resulting in a shifted focus onto social processes, and effectively the expansion of leadership theories. The Ohio State Studies highlighted two central factors to leadership: Initiating Structure and Consideration (Stogdill, 1974). Initiating structure addressed task behaviours which served to fulfill duties whereas consideration represented relationship behaviours which aided to build leader-follower links. Essentially, levels of each component would combine to signify the leadership style a particular leader would adopt (see Appendix 1 in Appendices). Likert (1961) went on to summarise leadership styles into four types: exploitative autocratic, benevolent autocratic, consultative and democratic. Leadership styles could be distinguished into four main types: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire and human relations. An autocratic (or directive) leader would exude a sense of control and often outlining the means of how to achieve targets. Democratic leaders would alternatively consult group members and implement a vote before final decisions. Democratic leaders fall into a sub-group of participative leaders which involve group members in decision making. The laissez-faire approach encourages independence of followers and rarely contributes to the methods of output. Finally, a human relations style comprises of attributes similar a democratic leader, emphasizing the importance of consulting those involved before making a decision (Berkowitz, 1954). The Michigan Studies concluded that leadership styles could be formed on a basis of their employee orientation and production orientation, which consisted of behaviours similar to the Ohio State studies (Katz, D., Kahn, R.L., 1951). Originally, these constructs were seen as dependent variables; that is, if a leader was highly employee orientated their focus on product was compromised and vice versa. However, this principle was subsequently reconceptualised and viewed as independent constructs (Kahn, R.L., 1956). The development of assessment methods later materialized including the Managerial Grid which assigned leaders levels of task and people concern (Blake and Mouton, 1964, 1978 1985). The five central styles are exhibited in Appendix 2 in the Appendices. An authority-compliance leadership style would possess large focus on output and presuppose that followers would obey their orders. Conversely, a County club style leader would stress the importance of addressing peoples needs before output. Impoverished Management Style involves little input from the leader in both aspects, which could be associated with the laissez-faire approach. Initially, autocratic leadership appeared to be idyllic in boosting performance. Before Fords Assembly Line was introduced the factory was producing two-hundred cars per day at a rate of ten days per car. The introduction of Fordism entailed ordering employees when and how to complete tasks. Consequently, productivity rose leading to a total increase of two-thousand-and-five hundred cars per day (Roberts, A., 2009). One cannot deny that autocratic leadership was effective in reaching, and even exceeding, performance targets. However, according to Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1975), the effectiveness of authority has diminished. It seems that as the human relations movement emerged, so did new preferential leadership styles: today, in an environment of vastly improved education many are rejecting traditional authority and trying to set up and act upon their own. Results from Blake and Moutons Managerial Grid found that most respondents score towards the 5, 5 middle-of-the-road style. This implies that most common leadership styles consist of a balance between people and task concern. The 9, 9 approach is acknowledged by managers as the soundest way to achieve excellence. This conclusion has been verified from studies throughout the U.S. and around the world. (Blake Mouton, 1975). It seems that nowadays attention to employees needs whilst maintaining performance targets is a must. Leadership styles that incorporate both concerns are vital to boosting employee performance. According to Lewin et. al (1939), variations of leadership styles influences performances. This study measured the consequence of leadership style on aggression, which could used to connote performance since aggression could be attributed to withdrawal from the job. Laissez-faire was the most common situation for provoking aggression followed by autocracy and democracy. This suggests leadership styles alternate aggression levels and possibly performance. However, it is difficult to generalise findings from a study of young children performing trivial tasks to large organisations where tasks are complex and aggression is not tolerated. Further findings concluded the boys agreed in a relative dislike for their autocratic leader whereas the majority of participants preferred their democratic leaders to their autocratic ones. Assuming that higher liking for a leader would result in preferential performance, this could infer that a democratic leadership style has a positive effect, thus supporting the argument that leadership style impacts performance. However, it would be reductionist to draw a finite conclusion on the practicality of leadership styles according to this piece. It fails to recognise the importance of upbringing which evidently affects the impact of leadership styles. The participant to dislike their democratic leader happened to be the son of an army officerand consciously put a high value upon strict discipline. Thus, it is not exclusively leadership style that affects behaviour but also the values and social norms an individual has acquired. If this concept were expanded onto organisational terms, it could be said that the culture of a business would contribute to whether leadership has a consequence. For instance, in the Ford factories a democratic approach may have been inappropriate in an environment where workers were unskilled and required guidance, hence why autocracy succeeded in boosting performance. An important factor to consider when assessing the usefulness of leadership style is situational variables that exist beyond the control of leaders. According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1958) these variables include: Type of Organisation; Group Effectiveness; The Problem Itself and The Pressure of Time These factors could determine the success of leadership styles, and leadership as a general instrument of performance. Participative leadership has been found to be more favourable for moderately structured problems while directive leadership was more compatible in situations facing fairly structured problems (Kahai, S. et. al, 1997). This most certainly has implications for the role of leadership styles within the workplace. It could infer that under circumstances where the problem comprises of routine and repetitive tasks a participative leadership style is complimentary in motivating employees to sustain performance. Conversely, problems which are more ambiguous may call for a directive leadership style to inspire followers and unite towards the same goal. Thus, in one respect, it could be argued that leadership styles are ineffective in promoting employee performance as situational variables will ultimately alter overall success. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to dispute th at, provided the right style is adopted, leadership style can be imperative in steering employees towards the right aims using the appropriate methods. Conducted research measured the effects of directive and participative leadership style on Heterogeneous teams (teams comprised of members deriving from varying backgrounds with dissimilar skills) and team reflection, and subsequently performance (Somech, A., 2006). Findings discovered that participative leadership lowered team in-role performance under the condition of high functional heterogeneity but found no effect on low functional heterogeneity. Directive leadership, however, had a positive impact on performance. Therefore, it could be debated that leadership style has a consequence on work performance. However, Somech has pointed out that an investigation by Kahai et al. (1997) found no difference in frequency of supportive remarks or of critical remarks in teams working with a participative and with a directive superior. Hence, suggesting that workers cease to notify a difference between these leadership styles and are able to respond to both forms, which subsequently casts d oubt over the value of leadership styles. The relevance of leadership styles is challenged by several theories including the trait approach. It proposes that successful leadership is derived from the possession of certain characteristics such as drive, honesty and integrity and self-confidence rather than styles (Kirkpatrick, S.A. and Locke, E.A., 1991). Supporting research for this approach is plentiful in comparison to the style approach (Stogdill, R.M, 1948 1974; Mann, R.D., 1959; Kirkpatrick, S.A. Locke, E.A., 1991). However, it is yet to generate a definite list of traits and there is less clear evidence to support certain traits such as charisma. In reality, despite its enticing facade, the possession of charisma can often lead to corporations hiring inappropriate candidates. The detrimental effects of charisma were exposed in the case of Enron; the hiring of Jeff Skilling as CEO contributed to their fatal downfall as he was able to justify unethical activities through his charismatic traits, such as allowing top exe cutives to participate in the off-balance-sheet partnerships, (Khurana, R., 2002). However, this approach has failed to produce substantial research linking it to performance outcomes (Yukl, G., 1994). The issues addressed in this essay relate to the introduction of leadership styles and examines the value on employee performance. The profusion of research in this area infers that leadership style has a consequence on employees in the workplace. Nonetheless, research has failed to depict an adequate association between leadership style and work performance, with many results proving contradictory and inconclusive (Yukl, 1994). The lack of conclusive evidence for any approach to explaining leadership could have implications for the concept itself. There is reason to suggest that leadership is not critical with studies finding that forty-seven percent of executives rated their companies overall leadership capacity as poor/fair while a minor eight percent ranked it as excellent (Csoka, L.S., 1998). The reliance of leadership in enhancing performance has largely been questioned with some arguing it as a romanticized conception (Meindl, J.R., et. al, 1985) and others speculating the concept as a social myth which symbolically represents a regressive wish to return to the symbiotic environment of the womb (Gemmill, G. and Oakley, J., 1992). In other words, leadership is a necessity that society has created itself in order to disillusion individuals with the belief that another should be responsible for creating the visions and responsibilities that they could merely accept themselves. In addition, researchers ha ve argued that leadership is not vital if substitutes are available such as individual job expertise and intrinsic task satisfaction (Kerr, S. and Jermier, J.M., 1978). Thus, it brings it into question that if leadership is not a stabilized concept, then perhaps all theories based on leadership could be brought into interrogation, including the principle of leadership styles. The usefulness of leadership styles is undermined by the lack of an optimal style in all situations. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that leaders have back-up strategies if the usual style of accomplishing tasks fail (Blake, R.R Mouton, J.S, 1975). As oppose to debating which style is superlative, it may be sensible to advocate the notion that styles could compliment one another (Sagie, A., 1997). This proposal reinforces the usefulness of leadership style providing that the appropriate style is employed according to varying circumstances. The extent of research conducted, regardless of its substantiality, generates implications that leadership styles do matter(Somech, A., 2006). It would be ignorant to deny the magnitude of leadership in organisations, but that is not to say it should not be considered with caution. It would be reductionist to claim leadership is purely the reason for performance variations. Situational variables, such as culture, will inevitably influence leadership success. Rather than arguing a prime style, an appropriate approach to delegating leadership style would be the Path-Goal Theory which states that leadership styles should be allocated according to the characteristics of the subordinates and the nature of the task (House, R.J. Mitchell, R.R., 1974). Leadership style as a reputable concept clearly imposes an effect on efficacy but companies cannot place full reliance on this tool; leadership style is merely a stimulant and not the sole foundation of employee performance. Appendices Appendix 1 Classic descriptors of leaders decision behaviours diagram taken from Roberts, A. and Corbett, M. (2009) Understanding Organisational Behaviour IB1230. Warwick Business School; McGraw Hill Custom Publishing, p. 197. SHOWING CONSIDERATION High Human Relations Democratic Low Lassez-faire Autocratic Low High INITIATING STRUCTURE Appendix 2 Blake Moutons Managerial Grid. (Blake, R.R and Mouton, J.S. 1975) Bibliography Berkowitz, L. (1954) Group Standards, Cohesiveness, and Productivity, Human Relations 7, pp. 509-514. Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1964) The managerial grid. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1975) An Overview of the Grid, Training and Development Journal, 29 (5), May, p. 29-36. Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1978) The new managerial grid. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.S. (1985) The managerial grid III. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company. Brayfield, A.H., and Crockett, W.H. (1955) Employee Attitudes and Employee Performance, Psychological Bulletin, 52 (5), pp. 396-424 Chatman, J.A., and Flynn, F.J. (2001) The Influence of Demographic Heterogeneity on the Emergence and Consequences of Cooperative Norms in Work Teams, The Academy of Management Journal, 44, p. 956-974. Corbett, M. (2009) Understanding Organizational Behaviour (IB1230) Martin Corbett Lecture Slides: Leadership. Warwick Business School; University of Warwick. 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