Introduction to Environmental Health and Risk Assessment Essay

Asbestos is viewed as a Public wellbeing danger. As such there have been various logical estimates received to deal with this hazard to ecological wellbeing and security. In this conversation the creator would propel that the most ideal approach to oversee asbestos is by applying the asbestos code intended for that specific area. It is accepted to be protected since it is a code which has been investigated preceding its plan and a significant number of the significant hazard factors were thought of. It follows unmistakable aides, for example, ‘elimination/evacuation (generally liked); seclusion/fenced in area/fixing; building controls; safe work rehearses (authoritative controls); individual defensive hardware (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010). In accordance with this task the hazard the board intend to be embraced is the end and evacuation alternative which would be examined in more detail. Avocation for the choice In request to legitimize why it is accepted that the end and evacuation choice is the best under any conditions to mange asbestos hazards ,the peruser must comprehend what it truly does. First the evacuation must be directed by a guaranteed preservationist who is proficient in the training and would lead the procedure as indicated by the ecological heath and wellbeing code relating to that system. Subsequently, it prohibits the penetration of a beginner undertaking the hazard the executives method. Asbestos is an intense natural risk as such any endeavors at control must be experimentally observed. As was recently referenced these are logical mediations which are actualized following quite a while of all around assessed research, ‘environmental information, network wellbeing concerns and wellbeing result data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. nvironmental information are looked into to decide if individuals in the network may be presented to risky materials from the NPL office. ’ (ATSDR, 2009). The evacuation limits are painstakingly characterized; security signs and suitable presentations are raised for people in general to perceive that the earth is being focused for asbestos expulsion. This ensures the network during the procedure since they would not enter the hazardous limit zones. It is complete brightening. Other than; the electrical hardware are expelled and all apparatuses which are utilized to give electrical force must be killed. These add to the asbestos hazard when end and evacuation are finished. It can't be overemphasized this guarantees total end and security after the procedure is finished. Henceforth, here is the defense this is the best alternative for evacuating both friable and non friable asbestos. It is strongly suggested as a hazard the board gadget. In what capacity will disposal and evacuation give a more prominent measure of assurance from the innate dangers related with Asbestos? Clearly, it is illumination of the hazard itself. It resembles leading an underlying driver examination whereby the establishment of the factor is improved to guarantee that is has been annihilated totally. Segregation/walled in area/fixing; building controls; safe work rehearses (authoritative controls); individual defensive hardware (PPE) (Asbestos control measures, 2010) are for the most part palliative measures. These don't stand the trial of time since they act essentially as control measures. There is still asbestos in the air. Of significant criticalness is that the impacts of asbestos don't show right away. It takes years. During that time nobody knows how compelling these control measure may be. There will never be a certain method of assessing their actual adequacy until a whole network turns out to be sick from this introduction which should be controlled. In this way, it is the author’s conviction that the most ideal approaches to stay away from any inclined impacts and give ideal security is by disposal and expulsion. An Outline of the chose strategy used to assess aftereffects of the choice picked to actualize Asbestos chance administration. The execution task in itself offers a procedure of assessment which is to decide the nearness of asbestos noticeable all around after the end procedure has been finished. This is a logical assessment. There are fundamentally three kinds of asbestos. Preceding the end methodology the preservationist would have assessed the sorts to decide if it was white (chsorile); blue (crocidolite) or earthy colored (amosite). The Environmental Protective Agency (EPA) has conceived a logical strategy to assess asbestos expulsion. It has been investigated and seen as a fitting estimating instrument. This involves the reception of an elective test which will assess the expulsion method used to decide how powerful it was in evaluating how much asbestos was truly evacuated. Correctly, it endeavors to expel a few kinds of asbestos held in structures. The inside of the structure is wet, and afterward obliterated without barring whatever different sorts of asbestos might be available. Enough water is applied to trap any asbestos which may have gotten away from the underlying reatment. This activity is checked and the measure of asbestos present in the environment is assessed. It is generally tried against a formerly directed light treatment. (U. S Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos Project Plan, 2010) This is a doable method of assessing the aftereffects of a formerly directed asbestos expulsion work out. The tree huggers can likewise re-measure the asbestos content experimentally. Notwithstanding, this strategy even assesses the particular instrument utilized and just not the level of substances expelled.

Opeartions Humanities †War And Society Essay

‘May God favor our nation and all who guard her,’ those were the last scarcely any expressions of Bush’s address to the US open about ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’ on the nineteenth of March 2003. It may sound basic, yet whatever was said before this had any kind of effect to the lives of the Iraqis, Americans and the world. What were Bush’s goals? Was it that basic, or was there a more profound importance why he assaulted Iraq? Right off the bat, President George Bush said.’ My kindred residents, at this hour, American and alliance powers are in the beginning times of military activities to incapacitate Iraq, to free its kin †¦.’ It may be a fair idea sparing the world from the ‘powerful’ Iraq and helping the Iraqis. His motivation was for Iraq’s Self-Interest. He needed to ensure there were no weapons ground-breaking enough to imperil the world, he needed to improve the prosperity of the nation and let the individuals get liberated from tyranny. He needed to safeguard the world. It was a respectable activity for the world, yet was it just for Iraq’s Self-intrigue? Might he be able to have shrouded plan? As the United States and Iraq were engaged with the 1991 Gulf War, their connections were acrid. By sending troops over to ‘free’ its kin may really mean to truly attack Iraq for retribution from the view purpose of certain Iraqis. President Bush accepted that the Iraqis to be free as they were limited by their pioneer here. So if President Bush had accomplished the help of the individuals, Iraq would not resemble a nation at all without help. In the other light, a portion of the Iraqis were without a doubt cheerful under Saddam Hussein, if President Bush sent soldiers there to destroy the nation and flip around it, it would not help at all at all aside from causing mayhem. President Bush additionally stated, ‘And you realize that our powers will be getting back home when their work is done.’ President Bush ought to have pulled back his soldiers subsequent to attacking Iraq and discovered Saddam Hussein. The remainder of the activity ought to be left to the new legislature of Iraq. He could have upheld the new government by giving arms, cash food and not US troops after the difference in pioneer. By doing this, he would be in a roundabout way permitting the new Iraqi government to be autonomous and this would assist them with maturing and subsequently helping Iraq. I accepted that Iraq’s personal responsibility didn't fill in as contention for the attack of Iraq. It appeared to me that as opposed to liberating the individuals, it ended up being making more difficulty for the nation and individuals. Besides, ‘Defend the world from grave danger,’ Bush expressed. President Bush began the attack as a demonstration of self-protection. In the previous barely any years, we had seen products fear monger assaults and the most significant one being the pulverization of the Twin Towers. After adaptation, it was demonstrated that the Al Qaeda (a fear monger bunch accepted to be liable for the bombarding) was upheld by Iraq, and furthermore there were gossipy tidbits that the Iraqis had Weapons of Mass Destruction in their control. President Bush needed to discover and dispense with the weapons of mass pulverization and psychological oppressors. Truly, I concurred that President Bush didn't have numerous decisions to look over. So as to lessen the odds of another assault by the fear based oppressors, and possibly the utilization of the incredible Weapons of Mass Destruction, he needed to send troops to assault Iraq for self-protection. Truly, I accepted that we needed to kill the two subjects, however was it conceivable? In the wake of losing the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqis were hit harshly and along these lines probably won't have the vital supplies and offices to manufacture weapons of mass pulverization. Likewise, compliances of the weapons ought to be clear before propelling a hunt of it. The adaptation ought not be reliable on exactly what individuals thought or said. It ought to at any rate be seen. Who realizes that perhaps the weapon of mass demolition may be the Boeing planes that were utilized to demolish the twin towers, so President Bush ought to dispose of the considerable number of planes. Fear based oppressors didn't begin from Iraq, they could be found in numerous pieces of the world, so for what reason did President Bush need to kill the psychological oppressors in Iraq as it were? It didn't imply that by wiping out all the psychological militants in Iraq would carry more harmony to the world. Other fear gatherings may respond brutally and there may be more devastation. Rather, the US could have increment security and that would go about as a mental and physical hindrance against fear based oppressors from assaulting the vigorously made sure about regions. This would this deflect the psychological oppressors away and less damage would be done to the two sides. ‘Prevention is better than cure,’ the US ought to be set up consistently regarding security and not allow to the psychological militants. President Bush’s contention about self-preservation was legitimate to a certain broaden, yet I accepted that his strategies utilized could be changed and a war probably won't be essential. Inward security ought to be at an elevated level before thinking about assaulting Iraq. Thirdly, ‘And helping Iraqis accomplish an assembled, steady and free nation will require our supported commitment,’ complimented President Bush. President Bush needed to end the Saddam Hussein government and assist Iraq with turning into a fair, self-rule country. President Bush was utilizing the contention of good equity. He sent the US troops there to dispense with the pioneer and needed to stop extraordinary oppression, mistreatment and sufferings by war, as nothing else may work. President Bush needed to spare the blameless and was utilizing the enthusiasm of benevolence. War may be required here however as per the activities of the US troops, the contention didn't appear to stand. As benevolence accentuates the benefit of protecting the blameless, the US troops were not doing as such. It was a piece of war morals not to damage or execute detainees of war. From sources on the web, US troops who were positioned at Abu Ghraib ( a jail where POWs are held), treated the detainees of war in an entirely unrespectable way. Also, tormented to a certain broaden. In this way, did this mean ‘protecting the blameless detainees of war?’ I realize it was very unimaginable for President Bush to take a gander at this in a smaller scale way, yet he could have at any rate taught the troopers that tormenting detainees of war is a wrongdoing. Likewise, he needed to assist Iraq with becoming a majority rule, self-rule country, I accepted he didn't reserve the option to meddle and in this manner beginning the attack. The sort of philosophy a nation puts stock in ought not be depended by different nations. A nation ought to reserve the privilege to manage itself and eventually advantage its kin. Returning to the twentieth century, we could obviously perceive how did the US attempted to advance vote based system and wipe out socialism. US even proceeded to partake in wars that didn't influence it as the US needed vote based system to be the overall philosophy. The US may be battling the war for a primary explanation, to advance majority rule government, and not free the individuals. President Bush didn't free the individuals yet rather attempted to secure one belief system in the Iraqi personalities. Does that mean ‘freeing the people?’ Furthermore, the war may be battled to keep another belief system from surfacing. A few people accepted that another philosophy identified with Islam may surface and in this manner compromising the endurance of popular government which began from United States. Islam is the most broadly spread religion on the planet. So it would not be hard to impact the individuals into accepting that there would be another and better belief system. President Bush may fear the development of Islam and hence attempted to utilize the contention of good equity as a manikin. President Bush’s contention looked substantial from the outset, yet subsequent to assessing what the US troops did, we could see the officers didn't appear to make a fuss over the atrocities despite the fact that President Bush needed to free the individuals. Likewise, he should let the world have their decision of belief system, majority rule government or something different? At long last, ‘Millions of Americans are imploring with you for the security of your friends and family †¦.,’said President Bush. From this specific sentence, we could see that the Americans are worried over the security of the friends and family (US troops). President Bush needed to ‘defend the world from grave danger’, and that implied that he adored the world or, more than likely he would not have such an idea. As per the contention of individuation and articulation of affection, the best way to demonstrate love is to be happy to bite the dust for what you love. In the event that President Bush cherished the world, he ought to been in Iraq, battling the war as he would kick the bucket for the world. Furthermore, on the off chance that you love somebody, you would not need the individual to be harmed. By sending such huge numbers of US troops into Iraq may cause them their lives. So does President Bush love these soldiers? Likewise in his discourse he stated, ‘†¦, with our Army, Air Force, Navy, Coast Guard and Marines, so we don't need to meet it later with multitudes of firemen and police and doctors†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ From this, we could see that he really needed to forestall the common protection to act yet rather the military to carry out the responsibility. This may imply that he really adored the common safeguard more as he would not like to ‘trouble’ them and along these lines sending the not really cherished military over to the risk zones. President Bush’s contention probably won't be legitimate here. As should have been obvious that not every person was dealt with similarly and this may bring hurt or even passing to a little gathering that yielded their lives. Taking everything into account, the contentions that President Bush gave with respect to the Operation Iraqi Freedom were invalid more often than not. A portion of the contentions looked as though they were to conceal something different. Also, the discourse he made and the activities completed were not the equivalent more often than not and ‘actions talk stronger than words’. As of not long ago, we despite everything didn't have the foggiest idea for what reason did he assault Iraqi, yet we realized he could have made o

Emily Levesque- How megastars evolve

Emily Levesque- How megastars evolve I have always been proud of the fact that there is a star and a minor planet (a.k.a. an asteroid, but minor planet sounds substantially more impressive) bearing my name. I frequently exploit this factoid to arouse interest at dinner parties, that is, unless MIT junior Emily Levesque happens to be in attendance. Emilys connection to outer space is not the result of a $54 check to the International Star Registry. Rather, Emily has gained international recognition for discovering three of the largest known stars. Through the National Science Foundations Research Experience for Undergraduates, Emily spent the summer of 2004 conducting astronomy research at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. She used a two meter telescope to observe 74 red supergiants, which are massive, cold stars nearing the end of their lifetime. The goal of the project was to find the temperature range of these stars to settle disputes between theory and observation and also to improve the understanding of how these megastars evolve. To determine the range, Emily took images of the stars spectra over a period of five nights, removed the noise from the detector and the atmosphere, cleaned up the data, and then compared the stars temperatures to existing models. The last few steps involved a table that also happened to calculate the radii of the stars and one day a fellow astronomer pointed out that these stars were really enormous. Emily initially thought that something went wrong, but soon discovered that she ha d just made the discovery of a lifetime. The stars that Emily found are over a billion miles in diameter and weigh more than twenty-five times our sun. She had the honor of presenting the paper, of which she is the first author, announcing the discovery of these stars at the 205th American Astronomical Society meeting. At the meeting, Emily received comments and suggestions from some of Americas top astronomers and had a chance to hear some really interesting presentations. Emily credits the excellent educational and research background of MIT for giving her this opportunity. Though her internship was not through MITs Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, Emily was originally introduced to the Kitt Peak observatory through the MIT Astronomy Field Camp. She encourages MIT students to participate in the field camp as well as in the Hands-On Astronomy Seminar, which teaches freshman the techniques of visual observation and imaging with small telescopes. She says that getting a UROP is one of the best things students can do and has had a UROP in the MIT Center for Space Research since last fall. Her new research project on relativistic jets is conducted under the guidance of Dr. Sebastian Heinz. The Kitt Peak National Observatory where Emily conducted her research was conveniently located one hour away from the Grand Canyon, giving her the opportunity to pursue her hobbies of rock climbing, hiking, and basically anything outdoors and dirty. At MIT, she is getting a minor in writing, loves poetry, and participates in the concert choir. Finally, in the future, Emily plans to get a PhD in either astronomy or astrophysics and pursue a career in research.

How unfair the justice system is in regards to race and...

Inequality: Race, Crime, and the Law Policing and punishment in America is hardly colorblind. It is not a coincidence that minorities serve longer sentences, have higher arrest and conviction rates, face higher bail amounts, and are more often the victims of police use of deadly force than white citizens. When it comes to criminals, many people have a preconception of what a criminal is. Usually when people think of a criminal they picture a Black or Latino face. The thought of an Asian criminal is often related to Asian gangs. Interestingly enough, White people as a group are rarely associated with the thought of crime, even though they account for 70% of arrests and 40% of the prison population each year (Russel xiv). This seems to be†¦show more content†¦Police brutality is known to be very common in the Bronx. With situations such as this one as well as the Rodney King incident in Los Angeles, Blacks have become to fear the police. When a police car approaches them, they cant decide whether justice will be served or if the cops intentions are to harm or even kill them. The integrity of a police officer is not guaranteed to the citizen. In past cases police have been known to plant fake evidence simply to have a reason to arrest a suspect. As a result, African-Americans make up about 12% of the general population, but more than half of the prison population (Cole 4). With so much injustice being done to minorities in general, how can you expect minorities to respect a system that doesnt respect them? In fact, people are so quick to believe minorities are criminals that they are used as fake suspects by citizens who want to hide the real criminals. Racial Hoaxes are defined as: When someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of his race OR when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of his race. 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Fossil Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission Essay

Fuel cells powered by hydrogen represent the latest technology in the push to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission. The internal combustion engine’s design limitations have been pushed to their limits and fuel economy has been maxed out. While a shift in consumer preference to smaller and more fuel efficient automobiles would decrease consumption and emissions, the economic model alone will not prompt such a change. The hydrogen fuel cell’s new technology calls for a radical change in design approaches that will test the automakers that choose to mass-produce this technology. The hydrogen harvesting methods required to power the fuel cells have environmental challenges. Regardless of the challenges, the†¦show more content†¦The push to design and develop different methods of propulsion for motor vehicles came only after petroleum solutions became exhausted. Emissions reduction policies and the rising price of oil forced automakers to pursue more fuel efficient vehicles and eventually alternatively fueled vehicles. While the hybrid electric vehicle and the plug-in electric car have proven to be more viable solutions in the near term, the need for hydrogen fuel cells will only increase. The technology behind hydrogen fuel cells is rather unremarkable, however, the difficulties and dangers created by the fuel cells will require extraordinary engineering. Today’s fuel cells use the same reverse electrolysis phenomena that Grove’s battery did over a century ago (Lampton). Hydrogen is ionized and passed through a membrane that separates the electrons from the hydrogen ions. The electrons are formed into an electrical current while the hydrogen ions react with the oxygen in the air to form water vapor, the heat generated by the reaction typically boils the water (Lampton). 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Since global warming is the most important environmental problem the world faces and the cause is from greenhouse gases, many look to renewable energy resources to resolve the environment and energy crisis. The Global Energy Problem For many years, the world has been in an ongoing debate andRead MoreEconomic Policy Options for Addressing Global Warming980 Words   |  4 Pagestemperature of the earth is rising and that the greenhouse effect is the primary culprit. Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, absorb significant amounts of outgoing radiation while also allowing incoming solar radiation, thereby warming the surface of the earth (Nordhaus 1993, p.12). There is little debate that human consumption of fossil fuels and use of chlorofluorocarbons, along with certain other gases like methane, has greatly increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which has directly

The New Fuss About Civil Rights Movement Essays

The New Fuss About Civil Rights Movement Essays Civil Rights Movement Essays - Is it a Scam? Utilise the assistance of our service and don't be concerned about how you complete the school. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Our service is a superb option for those who have to order an assignment urgently. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. The Chronicles of Civil Rights Movement Essays There's a demand throughout the board that people from all walks of life ought to be in a position to enjoy equal rights. Even in business and industry sectors, they are given rights for equal participation regardless of their backgrounds. The movement's goal was supposed to decrease poverty for folks of all races. This movement played a critical part in highlighting problems such as inequality, discrimination and oppression. The Downside Risk of Civil Rights Movement Essays Naturally, this list isn't exhaustive, these are merely a few examples of the most well-known reasons students turn to writing services. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to be certain that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in accord with all academic standards. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. While the completely free essays may give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used `as is' because they won't satisfy your assignment's requirements. If you are in need of a period of an essay. Therefore, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the development of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely way. Rumors, Deception and Civil Rights Movement Essays When hunger strikes, downtown Lexington delivers plenty of restaurants and cafes to select from. Today it's already not possible to imagine various sections for people of distinct races in subway or bus. In spite of the simple fact that slavery was abolished about 100 years back at that moment, people of color continued to be treated like they were worse than whites. Learn how to begin and earn a protest sign from home. The Argument About Civil Rights Movement Essays Today, African-American culture is often related to urban culture because of the high proportion of blacks residing in the inner cities and the influences of hip-hop culture. If you wish to be inspired, if you adore history, if you're from Cleveland, if you adore football-heck, if you're a human being, you're love this book since you'll relate to it and it can help you to conquer your own adversities. Secondly, sit-ins were happening all over the nation. Soon, there were sit-ins all around the nation. Civil Rights Movement Essays: the Ultimate Convenience! Completely free Civil Rights Movement essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Bail denotes the procedure for depositing money so as to temporarily release someone from jail until trial proper. Some state laws were now above federal laws like restricting property for some use. Discrimination is the crucial focus of the majority of civil rights movement essay topics. 14Th amendment wasn't restricted to, text file. The law worked straight away. This law made it illegal to prevent somebody from voting due to their race. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Civil Rights Movement Essays Nevertheless, tweaking common celebration ideas in ways that attract your intended audience may cause activities which not only increase awareness of black issues and contributions in the usa, but will also help strengthen community and cross-cultural understanding in a way that anyone may enjoy. All around the world, millions of people are able to speak to one another, expanding businesses and improving relationships that may not otherwise have survived across long distances. Regardless of culture, they are allowed equal opportunities. Black workers got an opportunity to locate jobs in various previously in accessible industries. Another strategy was supposed to fi ll up all the jails till there was not any room left. My theory is, strong folks don't require strong leaders, she explained. A society shouldn't be discouraged to absorb people from various backgrounds. A new wardrobe of ideas was what I had been looking for. There's no debating, therefore, that being in a quiet place is the ideal approach to imagine new thoughts and new methods of accomplishing a dream, however elusive that may have been previously. If nothing else, it is going to show you what you could do when you set your mind to it. Not everyone believed the exact things. Need to see them with the method of.

Rural Economy and Growth-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: How Important is the Rural Economy to the Growth agenda and what role does Planning have in facilitating Rural Development? Answer: Introduction Rural economy still the biggest driving force behind the success and growth of any economy, despite industries have helped the countries around the world to reach the stage they are right now. A shift in the planning dynamics has been happened and a renewed focus on the development of the rural economy has been initiated. A sustainable rural development planning is crucial that will be forming the necessary foundations of a strong and independent nation. If the most fundamental of the economic structure is not firm enough, the entire structure itself cannot withstand the pressure of the global economy and will eventually succumb to the growing issues. The focus must be lifted from the traditional urban-rural duality and have to look beyond that to understand how are the two aspects dependent upon each other to create a sustainable growth plan for the both. This paper looks into the importance of rural economy and tries to understand why is it so important to create a strong rural economy development so that the entire national economy is helped and a long-term sustainable model can be furnished. Different policies are dabbled with, to give the proper picture of the significance of the rural economy as a key driver for growth. Rural area growth agenda Definition of rural area The term rural area refers to the pastures of land that are not within the bounds of densely populated urban lands inside the perimeters of a city or town. Rural areas are not included in the urban definition and are traditionally large, open areas with sparsely populate places and only a few houses and normally are more dependent upon agriculture than any heavy industry. Most people who live in rural areas are in some way connected to farming and the agriculture industry (Chambers, 2014). Also, wildlife is more frequently found in the rural areas. despite the majority of the world population still living in the rural lands, the case is rapidly changing due to rapid urbanization across the planet. It is estimated that the urban population of the world will increase almost 2 billion by 2050. Another popular method of defining rural areas is by first gathering the criteria for defining what is urban and then identifying the rural areas simply by excluding the areas that do not fall under the category of urban lands. Unlike urban areas, the people who live in rural places have their homes and businesses far away from each other, whereas in urban areas the two are situated more closely. Explanation for growth agenda It is vital to plan for growth and sustainable development in the rural areas, because of the fact that it is the foundation of the economy as a whole. Over the last three decades, the focus of rural planning has shifted from a simplistic agriculture boosting way to incorporating wider areas of inclusive rural development that are take into consideration more aspects of rural life and also is aimed to make a plan which is much more sustainable (Cont et al., 2015). These new forms of planning encompass every aspect of the human development, like social, political and economic. Even until the later years of the 1970s, rural development was perceived to be synonymous with only increased productivity in the agricultural yield. However, the dimensions and the notions changed, when, in the 1980s, the World Bank defined rural development as a strategy that is designed to enhance the condition of the rural people and considered every possible meaning of the word and not only the agricultural part. New policies and plans began to emerge with this changed perception and rural planning eventually became a source of much academic and political debate, pertaining to the feasibility of the different ideas and theories (Holden, Linnerud Banister, 2017). Importance of rural economy Rural economy has been traditionally associated with agriculture and farming. With the new definition on rural development, new views were also developed on the same. Several factors were responsible for the shift of paradigm. There were growing concerns about the stark disparities in wealth and gross income inequalities over the last few decades and it was noticed that the poverty mostly spread in a more grievous manner in the rural areas, which had to be addressed immediately (Welford, 2013). Despite the fact that green revolution had dramatically changed the agricultural scenario in many of the developing countries and the annual yield of crops in many regions were flourish, giving numbers that had never been recorded before, the rural areas were still riddled with the malicious issues that entailed acute poverty and a lack of definitive planning. One major reason for this is the fact that green revolution mostly benefited the farmers who were not very poor and were mostly evident in the farm lands that were under irrigation. Furthermore, economists during this time had started to challenge the orthodox view on development, which ultimately resulted in the rejection of the GDP as the definite and absolute measure of development. The concept of inclusive rural growth is different from the traditional view of it in the major sense that growth, income or output indicators are not enough or sufficient for inclusive development, and it requires a wider range of parameters encompassing every aspect of human life and results in a collective growth, rather than only thinking about reducing the financial pressure (Griggs et al., 2013). Life quality in rural areas In any area, in order to retain the inhabitants, it must be ensured that the life quality, that is offered by the authorities and the city planners, is good enough so that people want to keep living in the same place. Even though the quality of life has increased significantly than what it used to be before, it is still deplorable when is compared against life quality in the urban localities. Provided, that there are many good sides of a rural life, but the disadvantages that are faced by the population far outweighs the advantages offered in rural landscapes (Wheeler Beatley, 2014). Quality of life is a multifaceted area which needs careful introspection so that an overall enhancement can be ensured. People from the rural areas, particularly the younger generation, leave those places for more urban locales because of different aspects like inadequate health service benefits, insufficient opportunities to avail educational services, lesser amount of jobs, an overall less cognitive a nd exciting social life. While planning for the development of the rural areas, it must be remembered that the rural areas all have their own distinct and diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, which are vital to the identity of the nations of which they are a part of. These cultures must be promoted so that an increased attention is given to them and the life of the people living in the rural areas can be made to be better (Welford, 2013). In the developed countries, the picture of the rural life is not much different than the developing nations. However, a lesser disparity in the income levels remain, which can only be eradicated with better economic development of a country. The developing nations experience a much greater ordeal when it comes to plan an integrated rural development scheme (Imran, Alam Beaumont, 2014). Countries like India, which have diverse cultures and remote areas in virtually every part of the country, with absolutely contrasting cultural backgrounds, it is incredibly tough to make a plan that would be beneficial for all, as a uniform law or regulation is almost impossible to make in cases like these. Social harmony When it comes to solely looking into the social parity of the rural and urban localities, the contrast can often become too hard to digest and this can be one of the major drivers for a complete inclusive rural development plan. Despite being something like the foundation stone for the society or civilization in general, rural areas and farm lands often have to face the cold caress of poverty and the population there have no other choice but to migrate to urban areas where a better chance of a steady job can be availed and that means less chances of poverty and starvation, which is, still, a dire problem for the rural populace (Briassoulis, 2017). In terms of social harmony rural localities can be more integrated than the urban areas. the society is more integrated and often witnesses more harmony and peace than the urban counterpart. Regional economy Regional economy of the urban society is still in poorer condition than urban areas. in most cases, this results from the inexistence of any heavy industries in the rural places. The overall economic development has been the main driver for rural planning for decades and is still given the most importance. Roles of planning in facilitating development A pivotal change has happened in the recent times about the planning process. Considering that a higher number of people are now part of the urban populace than ever before, this had to be done so that the existing plans are not rendered obsolete and actually do benefit all the members of the society and incorporates the needs for every section of the population. The UN-habitat has reported that almost 54% of the world population is now urbanized and the number would only be growing in the coming years and hence published International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning (IG-UTP) to facilitate in the planning process (Steurer Hametner, 2013). These guidelines act as a tool to promote sound urban and territorial planning around the world, based on universally agreed principles. These guidelines have been laid down with keeping in mind that the world rural population has almost doubled since 1950 and is now over three billion. In strictly traditional terms, planning has always been more concerned with urban areas, but has not totally ignored the rural-urban linkages, either. The interactions between the people, economic activity and environmental aspects of the two different areas and their interdependency has always been one of major factors that have shaped any form of development planning in the world. The emphasis that is currently given to urban development planning is easily understandable and has its roots in history (Wheeler Beatley, 2014). Most of the planning or the schools of planning have been rotating around one key event in history that had changed the communities and the societies across the world forever: the industrialization. This obviously changed the previously planning processes simply because the whole dynamics and the power structure of the society had changed, and thus was established the current ideas behind development planning (Ayre Callway, 2013). Most of the problems that cam e with industrialization were concentrated around the cities, which made it a necessity to have science-based specific plans that were mostly addressing the issues of the cities and not the rural areas. as urbanization increased, the economic, social and environmental conditions of the rural areas declined, which were also being given attention by these planning initiatives. Optimzer: Economy Growth Planning schemes for the rural areas are done keeping in mind many areas that are supposed to usher in sustainable development for these localities and not simply an increased productivity in agriculture. Without overall growth, the economy of the rural areas cannot be boosted and this can be achieved through promoting the prices of the agricultural crops and without invading rural lands with industrialization. There are several methods which can be used to ensure that the rural lands are being given the proper attention that they require (Chambers, 2014). One of the most widely used tool for this through optimizing the use of the land resources and using the available lands with efficiency. There are many factors that facilitate in the development of the rural economy, over which there kare debates among the economists, who give different sets of attributes that are most important to boost the economic growth in rural areas. there cannot be a generalised bundle which can be all enco mpassing and be perfectly concluded on the definitive factors. Investment: Planning schemes that are set to improve the land use in rural areas often result in heavy amounts of investments from organisations or other industries. These investements mean that the rural areas ae flooded with money that can help to bring more lands under irrigation and have the potential to bring about growth levels that would be inclusive in nature. Creation of infrastructure is often the best foundation stone for a sustainable economic growth. Deposit growth: The rural economy can be further boosted by enhanced employment in the rural areas, who can be hired to help with the infrastructural development of the lands or in irrigation expansions. Widespread employment would be resulting in more income possibilities for more people, ultimately generating higher purchasing power for more people and creating demand for products (Clark et al., 2016). This would be a sure propeller for sustainable development in the rural areas. Population growth: If the growth conditions of the rural areas can be projected to become even stronger in the coming years and the development prospects are set to higher, population of the rural areas will increase (Folke Kautsky, 2014). A rural-urban migration is not uncalled for and may ultimately help the rural lands to have a demand for commodities entailing a market growth. Balanced development To create a sustainable development plan for the rural areas, there are many suggested models which are used. The microsphere model is one such method, which aims to promote a user-producer discovery process and enabling a diverse range of enterprises to identify the value-adding activities (Cont et al., 2015). This can be further enhancing to the market spontaneity, which only be resulting in additions to the positive effects of the already functioning market. Rural-Urban development balance A balanced rural-urban development planning is essential to promote overall growth of a country. In 2015, the UN had given ten cases which look into the balanced development from different perspectives, which include, spatial flow of the commodities and a div ersification of the expertise among the rural and urban places. The migration flow between the two places should be much more flexible and food security should be ensured to everyone (Stone Desai, 2015). Rural urbanization is one important way which can help to develop the infrastructure of the rural areas and promote economic sustainability. Reflector Government idea: The government is the foremost entity that plans for sustainable development and a more integrated and inclusive rural economic growth (Pearce, Barbier Markandya, 2013). Most of the policies and schemes that are implemented with a focus on the rural development are formulated by the government through the legislative structure. Public interest: Some collaborative projects are often undertaken by the government, which includes participation of the people or at times is solely initiated by public companies with objectives to enhance the infrastructure of rural areas. Urban-rural development planning Creating sustainable towns with vibrant rural areas is a challenge for any planning committee and has to be done with the utmost care. Variabilities in the differences in the environment, geographical features, economic and social conditions of the different rural and urban areas cause the plans to differ in some basic aspects but all have the common goal of promoting sustainable development (Barcus, 2014). The PLUREL project is an excellent case study of different EU nations and China, that offer some valuable insights about rural urban development planning and also about how may sustainable growth be achieved. Territorial cohesion, developing green compact cities, preserving blue and green infrastructure, promoting agricultural land and enhanced local production are only some of the most popular ones. Smart growth idea The Dumfries and Galloway rural project is one of the best examples of how to plan for rural development in a smart way. This area had many characteristics that are defining for rural lands, with declined rate of wages and, poverty and high population of aged people. Almost 85% of the firms in this place were classified as micro-businesses. The areas regional economic strategy is in alignment with the Europe2020 Strategy, which is focused to promote sustainable, smart and inclusive growth. Cooperative urban-rural development planning The Chengdu Model that was implemented for the development of the Chengdu district of China have been a glorious example of how can the rural and the urban localities collaborate to create development plans that benefit both the regions. It has been Chinas most productive province for over two thousand years. A dual economy theory was employed by the authorities to eradicate the persisting poverty that has been a malice to the province for decades. The case in China is not dissimilar to the rest of the world: stark economic contrast in the rural and urban area. The Chengdu Coordinated Urban-Rural Development Commission is charged with implementing multifaceted development plans for both the rural and semi-urban areas (Chen Scott, 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is apparently clear that sustainable rural development is the only way which can make sure that an integrated and strong economy can be achieved and planning for this has to be done with absolute careful analyses, which is aimed to eradicate poverty from the rural areas in an all-encompassing manner: not just increased productivity of agricultural crops, but a development in the overall life and a better life quality is the only way that would boost the entire economy. References Ayre, G., Callway, R. (2013).Governance for sustainable development: a foundation for the future. Earthscan. Barcus, H. (2014). Sustainable development or integrated rural tourism? Considering the overlap in rural development strategies.Journal of Rural and Community Development,8(3). Briassoulis, H. (Ed.). (2017).Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification. Taylor Francis. Chambers, R. (2014).Rural development: Putting the last first. Routledge. Chen, A., Scott, S. (2016). Rural development strategies and government roles in the development of farmers' cooperatives in China.Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development,4(4), 35-55. Clark, W. C., Tomich, T. P., Van Noordwijk, M., Guston, D., Catacutan, D., Dickson, N. M., McNie, E. (2016). Boundary work for sustainable development: natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,113(17), 4615-4622. Cont, F., Conte, A., Fiore, M. A., Djelveh, S. (2015). Consuming Landscape: an investigation of eco economic development strategies in rural areas.Connecting local and global food for sustainable solutions in public food procurement,14, 341. Folke, C., Kautsky, N. (2014). The role of ecosystems for a sustainable development of aquaculture. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature,495(7441), 305-307. Holden, E., Linnerud, K., Banister, D. (2017). The imperatives of sustainable development.Sustainable Development,25(3), 213-226. Imran, S., Alam, K., Beaumont, N. (2014). Reinterpreting the definition of sustainable development for a more ecocentric reorientation.Sustainable Development,22(2), 134-144. Pearce, D., Barbier, E., Markandya, A. (2013).Sustainable development: economics and environment in the Third World. Routledge. Steurer, R., Hametner, M. (2013). Objectives and indicators in sustainable development strategies: similarities and variances across Europe.Sustainable Development,21(4), 224-241. Stone, B., Desai, G. M. (2015). Rural development strategies in China and India: a comparative perspective on fertilizer policy requirements for long term growth and transitional needs. Welford, R. (2013).Hijacking environmentalism: Corporate responses to sustainable development. Routledge. Wheeler, S. M., Beatley, T. (Eds.). (2014).Sustainable urban development reader. Routledge.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays (650 words) - To Kill A Mockingbird

To Kill A Mockingbird I've never been to Alabama, but novelist Harper Lee made me feel as if I had been there in the long, hot summer of 1935, when a lawyer named Atticus Finch decided to defend an innocent black man accused of a horrible crime. The story of how the whole town reacted to the trial is told by the lawyer's daughter, Scout, who remembers exactly what it was like to be eight years old in 1935, in Macomb, Alabama. Scout is the reason I loved this book, because her voice rings so clear and true. Not only does she make me see the things she sees, she makes me feel the things she feels. There's a lot more going on than just the trial, and Scout tells you all about it. A man called Boo Radley lives next door. Very few people have ever seen Boo, but Scout and her friends have a lot of fun telling scary stories about him. The mystery about Boo Radley is just one of the reasons you want to keep turning the pages to find out what happens in To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout and her big brother, Jem, run wild and play games and have a great time while their father is busy with the trial. One of their friends is a strange boy called Dill. Actually Dill isn't really so strange once you get to know him. He says things like I'm little but I'm old, which is funny but also pretty sad, because some of the time Dill acts more like a little old man than a seven?year?old boy. To Kill a Mockingbird is filled with interesting characters like Dill, and Scout makes them all seem just as real as the people in your own hometown. Here's how Scout describes Miss Caroline, who wore a red?striped dress: She looked and smelled like a peppermint drop. Dill, Boo, and Jem are all fascinating, but the most important character in the book is Scout's father, Atticus Finch. You get the idea that Scout is writing the story down because she wants the world to know what a good man her dad was, and how hard he tried to do the right thing, even though the deck was stacked against him. The larger theme of the story is about racial intolerance, but Scout never tries to make it a lesson, it's simply part of the world she describes. That's why To Kill a Mockingbird rings true, and why it all seems so real. The trial of the wrongly accused Tom Robinson takes place during the time of segregation, when black people were not allowed to socialize with white people. In that era, when a white man said a black man committed a crime, the black man was presumed to be guilty. The law required that they have a trial, but everybody knew the defendant was going to be convicted. Atticus Finch, the quiet hero of the book, tries to persuade the jury that bigotry is wrong. His words are eloquent and heartfelt. He demonstrates that Tom Robinson couldn't possibly have assaulted the victim. Atticus even reveals the identity of the real villain, which enrages a very dangerous enemy. This act of courage endangers not only Atticus Finch but his family as well. They become the target of hate mongers and bigots. Even though the story took place many years ago, you get the idea that parts of it could happen today, in any town where people distrust and fear each other's differences. In a just world an innocent man should be found not guilty. But if you want to know what this particular jury finally decides and what happens to Scout, Jem, Dill, and Boo Radley and the rest of the people who live and breathe in To Kill a Mockingbird, you'll have to read the book! Book Reports

Essay about Anatomy Notes

Essay about Anatomy Notes Essay about Anatomy Notes 10/19 Notes 4. Recovery a) Excessive post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) 1. Oxygen reserves of myoglobin (oxygen storage molecule in muscle) 2. Lactic acid build up 3. Glycogen stores 4. ATP and creatine phosphate b) Heat production -only 40% of energy is used, the rest is lost as heat -sweat and heat radiation diffuse excess heat E. Strains, Tears, and Sprains 1. Strain-the muscle is over stretched and may be torn. Also called a â€Å"pulled muscle.† Inflammation of muscle can cause joints to be immobilized. 2. Tear- a tear can occur on the cartilage, muscle tendons, or ligament and also causes inflammation. 3. Sprain- the reinforcing ligaments of a joint are strained or torn. Healing takes longer because ligaments are poorly vascularized. I. Smooth Muscle A. Structure -spindle shaped cells of various sizes -only have endomysium which contain blood muscle and nerves -generally arranged in 2 layers 1. Longitudinal- fibers run parallel and constrict the organ and cause dilation 2. circular- fibers run around the circumference and cause constriction of the lumen and elongation -Peristalsis- is the alteration of circular and longitudinal contraction that moves substances through the lumen (intestines, uterus, bladder) EX: Chinese finger trap B. Microstructure -Varicosities-bulbous swellings of the autonomic nerve fibers -Caveolae-extensions of sarcolemma -actin/myosin in diagonal pattern (no sarcomere) -calmodulin instead of troponin for calcium binding -dense bodies-intermediate filaments act as an anchor -less sarcoplasmic reticulum -Myosin kinase-(phosphorylates the myosin) C. Contraction 1. Varicosities release a neurotransmitter across diffuse neuromuscular junction (synaptic cleft) 2. AP is generated across muscle fibers to initiate synchronized contraction 3. VR channels open, Ca++ flows into cytosol from extracellular fluid or SR 4. Ca++ binds to calmodulin (actin binding sites available) 5. Calmodulin activates myosin kinase 6. Myosin kinase activate myosin ATPase 7. Contraction coupling continues until Ca++ is released from calmodulin and is pumped back into SR and ECF. D. Same game, Different Name Smooth Skeletal -Varicosities-in diffuse -Axon terminal in synaptic cleft neuromuscular junction -Caveolae-extensions of the -T-tubules and terminal cisterns Sarcolemma -Most Ca++ comes from ECF -Most Ca++ comes from SR -Actin/Myosin in diagonal pattern - Actin/Myosin in horizontal pattern -calmodulin -dense bodies -myosin

China diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

China diabetes - Essay Example Some studies indicated an economic standard correlation to the incidence rate of diabetes. The incidence rate in China is 3.21% in 1996 quite higher in developing countries, it significantly increased in the following years. Diabetes study of Singapore is quite revealing. In 1975 the incidence rate of diabetes in Singapore was 1.19%; it gradually increased and reached to 4%, in 1992. In 17 years, the incidence rate of diabetes in Singapore increased to 8 times. The case studies from Singapore and Korea clearly indicate that if the rapid economic and social development of countries is directly related to rate of incidence of diabetes. The more country develops, the higher prevalence of diabetes occurs. In the same way, China is rapidly growing during the past two decades. This rapid growth has resulted in increase in the rate of modernization and urbanization. The incidence of prevalence of diabetes in Chinese adult increased three-fold from approximately 1% in 1980 to 3.2% in 1996. T he incidence of diabetes is increasing equally with increase in economic growth of the country. With increase of prevalence of diabetes in Asian Countries China and India are major contributors because of their large populations and growing economies. China is the second largest prevalence of diabetes in the region as greater urbanization, industrialization, and lifestyle changes, because of economic prosperity and increasing rates of obesity. Growth in economy has resulted in change in the life style and eating habits of Chinese people. Availability of fast foods and a inactive lifestyle, along with lack of physical activities and play, increase in use of television and computers, and mechanization have rapidly changed the behavior patterns of the urbanized young in many of Asia's large cities. Similar situation is prevalent in China. The epidemiological transition can be observed in its most complete form in developed countries and at it is at its earliest stages in developing countries. RESULTS OF VARIOUS SURVEYS/STUDIES First systematic and organized survey was conducted in the late 1970s in China in Shanghai City. It was recorded that incidence of diabetes is 1.07% in 1979 but it was doubled in 1989. Available data shows that the prevalence of diabetes in Shanghai has reached to 2.123% in 1989 while Chengdu was 1.354% in 1992. But in 1982, Chengdu City demonstrated its prevalence of diabetes as 1.29%, which was the highest rate. Another diabetes survey of 14 major cities was conducted by nationwide cooperative group in 1980, it shows the average of prevalence of diabetes was 0.67%. A study conducted in 1993 shows that, the prevalence of diabetes was 2.5% in China but its mortality has become the third largest disease cause death in China after cancer and cardiovascular disease. In 1997, the 11 cities diabetes survey shows the average of prevalence of diabetes was 3.21% that is 3 times double the rate in 1979. A study was carried out in 1996, under the WHO criteria and epidemiology method, a updated 11 major cities survey shows that the prevalence of diabetes was 3.21% in China, which increased almost 5 times compared to the first survey in 1980. It is estimated that the prevalen

Analysis of Surveillance Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Analysis of Surveillance Systems - Essay Example The views are largely others’ views and The Economist, to a large extent, engages in reporting and discussing the features of the developments rather than criticising the systems. The other article discussed in this paper is â€Å"Trading Liberty for Illusions† by Wendy Kaminer published in the 2nd issue of the 22nd volume of the Free Inquiry Magazine. The focus of the article is broader than The Economist’s as it argues in general about all security measures and systems. The article rejects security systems as illusions and builds a strong argument against security systems on the basis that they are invasive and repressive and threats to civil liberties. The strategies used by The Economist makes its article argumentative to some extent and descriptive and expository to a large extent, whereas those employed by Kaminer makes her article more an argument. To illustrate, The Economist’s article on surveillance systems is largely a detailed account of the various developments in the ICT enabled surveillance systems, their features and how they promise to deliver greater and more effective security systems. An example it gives is of security systems capable of studying biometric features or physiological posture and movements. Another is of a system that can identify not only suspicious behavior but also correlate them to their contexts to help determine whether a particular action or a person is actually a threat. However, Kaminer uses examples of various security systems, both historical and current, not to focus on their description and development, but to use them as evidence to support her thesis and advance her argument tha t security measures have been only illusions and tramped on liberties.

Causes of Currency Crises and Banking Crises

Causes of Currency Crises and Banking Crises Introduction Based on my readings, I have found that currency crises often accompanied by banking crises or banking crises preceded by currency crises or even has no significant relationship between the two. So, why are currency crises often accompanied by banking crises? In this paper, I will discuss on how such problem may occur based on historical perspective, in which the countries that have experienced Twin Crises. The next issue is  the effectiveness and desirability of capital controls as a means by which developing countries can manage sudden capital inflows and/or outflows. This is where the credibility of capital controls are being challenged whether such restriction should be taken into a serious consideration for the policymakers to implement. It is important to analyse these economic situations due to past economic disasters in which the issues stated were significant in the 1994 Mexican peso crisis, 1997 Asian Financial crisis and the 1998 Russian financial crisis. Twin Crisis The simultaneous occurrence of currency crises and banking crises is known in economic term as Twin Crises, introduced by economists Carmen Reinhart and Graciela Kaminsky in the late 1990s. This phenomenon became a common problem in financially liberalized emerging market economies in the 1990s which started with the  1994 Mexican crisis, followed with the 1997 Asian financial crisis  and the  1998 Russian financial crisis. Kaminsky and Reinhart (1999) did an extensive research on the relationship between financial and banking crises for 20 countries and over a 25-year sample and found that banking crises often precede currency crises. The mechanism basically relies on two features. Firstly, governments hold a fixed exchange rate system and secondly, a mismatch between domestic assets and foreign liabilities by domestic banks, thus, exposing to exchange rate risks( Goldstein, Itay 2005 ). A currency crises, also known as the Balance of Payment crises,is a situation in which a nation is suffering from a chronic balance of payment deficit. This problem exists when a nation is unable to finance the imports and debt repayments. The country’s central bank would be in a doubtful position whether, given the fixed exchange rate, it has sufficient foreign exchange reserves to maintain the value of domestic currency. Government often intervenes by using the countrys own currency reserves or its  foreign reserves to satisfy the excess demand for a given currency ( Wikipedia, 2014 ). It came to a period when these emerging market economies were experiencing rapid economic growth, creating massive capital inflows, which will then lead to the crises. A banking crises, however, is a financial crisis that affects banking activity which includes bank runs, banking panics and systemic banking crises, in which a country experiences a large number of defaults and financial institutions face difficulties repaying contracts. A bank run occurs when depositors believe that the bank may fail which led them to withdraw all of their deposits from that bank. This causes the banking system to be insolvent if it cannot pay its debts as they fall due. Insolvency can be defined as the inability to pay ones debts. Cash flow insolvency, or a ‘lack of liquidity’ may occur as well when the bank might end upowingmore than itowns or is owed ( postivemoney.org, n.d ). Twin Crises started off when investors begin to lose their confidence as the massive capital inflow in the country creates uncertainty among investors in which the debt their capital is generating. The country’s currency will be at stake as the resulting outflow of capitals created by investors as they withdraw all of their funds will devalue the affected nation’s currency. Firms of the affected nation who have received the inbound investments and loans will suffer, as the earning of those firms is typically derived domestically but their debts are often denominated in a reserve currency ( Kallianiotis, 2013 ). Once the nation has exhausted its foreign reserves trying to support the value of the domestic currency, government can raise its interest rates to try to prevent from further decline in the value of its currency. While this helps those with debts denominated in foreign currencies, it generally further depresses the local economy as high interest rate usually enc ourages saving and discourages investment. Real-World Financial Crises The 1997 Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis which affected many economies in the East Asia. It began in Thailand when they had accumulated a massive foreign debt. In the effort to support the value of baht, the government had no choice but to float the Thai baht due to insufficient of foreign currency reserves, reducing peg against the US dollar. Until 1999, economies in South East Asia enjoyed a prosperous period as they had received large inflow of money. High interest rates in emerging economies attracted many investors due to the fact that it may give a high return for the investors. As a result, price of assets in these countries began to rise at an alarming rate which created insecurity among investors. Lenders started to withdraw all of their funds at a large scale, creating credit crunch and bankruptcies. Furthermore, there was a depreciative  pressure on their exchange rates as the supply of currencies of the crisis countries was high in the exchange market. Governments from these countries had to intervene in the exchange market. To prevent any loss in value of domestic currency, they had to raise domestic interest rates by buying up any surplus of the domestic currency. The Mexican government’s move to devalue the peso against the US dollar created an outburst which led to the Mexican peso crisis in 1994. In order to maintain in the value of peso, the Mexico’s central bank allowed the peso to free float within a narrow band against the US dollar through an exchange rate peg ( Wikipedia, 2014 ). Furthermore, the central bank would constantly intervene in the open market by purchasing or selling the pesos. The central banks intervention involved issuing new short-term public debt instruments denominated in U.S. dollars, using the borrowed dollar capital to purchase pesos in the foreign exchange market, will cause an appreciation in its value. Since the peso is reckoned to be increasing in value, the high purchasing power by domestic businesses, firms and consumers created an incentive to purchase more imported goods, resulting in a large trade deficit. Speculations regarding the over-valuation of peso began to circulate which encouraged investors to purchase more of U.S assets. It will be more profitable for investors as they will be able to capitalize the high exchange rate when they exchange dollars for pesos later. The resulting capital outflow from Mexico to United States caused a capital flight which put a downward market pressure on the value of peso. To curb this issue, newly inaugurated President Ernesto Zedillo in 1994announced the Mexican central banks devaluation of the peso between 13 and 15 percent. Due to the unpredictability of Mexican policymakers, investors felt insecure and afraid of further devaluations in the currency, putting an upward market pressure in the interest rates and a further downward pressure on the value of peso. Foreign investors began to rapidly withdraw their capital from Mexican investments due to possible devaluation of peso. As a result, the Mexican central bank had to raise the interest rates to prevent from capital flight. Capital Flows Capital flows is simply defined as the transaction of real and financial assets and it is recorded in the capital account. When a country has a deficit in the capital account, it means the country is experiencing a capital outflow, like Japan. The country is supposedly purchasing more assets or making more loans or both at the same time, thus accumulating net claims on other countries. It is a situation in which it is undesirable to the economy. Contrarily, if the country is having a surplus in the capital account, depicting capital inflows, it is said that other countries are accumulating claims on that particular country. Capital flows provides many great economic advantages. Countries are now able to â€Å"catch-up† with the advancement of other countries by capitalizing on their differences. Capital flows enables residences of different nations to invest in other countries by engaging in inter-temporal trade, allowing them to reap benefits or profits for future consumption. Be it an economic boom or recession, optimum level of national consumption or expenditure is vital in every economy. Thus, capital flows helps to prevent from a fall in national consumption in case of an unexpected economic downturn, by selling domestic assets or borrowing from the rest of the world. Thus, overall improvement in economic performance can be achieved as it will aid substantially in terms of productivity and efficiency. Free capital mobility may seem desirable, though, in reality it comes at a cost. Given the exchange rate, developing countries or emerging market economies tend to acquire more assets by purchasing a massive amount of goods and services than the rest of the world. This is due to several reasons. These countries may not be on par in terms of economic performance, efficiency as well as resources compared to the rest of the world. Besides, it may be due to fluctuation in the world price of commodities. The implementation of expansionary economic policy by government will increase the demand for imports. As a result, appreciation of foreign currency will occur due to high demand of foreign goods and at the same time, a depreciation in own currency due to a low demand for domestic commodities. Since government would want to hold a fixed exchange rate regime, they can implement a contractionary monetary policy, a method of selling domestic bonds which increases the domestic interest rate, in order to maintain the value of domestic currency. The demand of domestic currency will be improved which will increase the value of domestic currency. Again, it proves to be costly as high interest rate will discourage investment, since it is now more expensive to borrow from the bank, reducing a potentially larger economic growth. This shows that free flow of capital may cause an upward pressure in the value of currency which may jeopardise local firms, making them less competitive in the global market. Emerging market economies are the usual target for â€Å"hot money† with sudden injection or withdrawal of funds, thus, creating distortion or instability in the market. Large volumes of capital inflows on search for higher yields causes dislocations in the financial system. Foreign funds might fuel asset price bubbles, encourage excess risk taking by cash-rich domestic intermediaries ( Magud, Reinhart Rogoff, 2005 ). Having a strong and independent monetary policy is more viable than sustaining free flow of capital. Due to potential harmful effects of free flow of capital to the economy, capital controls is introduced to prevent such consequences from happening. A capital control is any policy designed to limit or redirect capital account transactions and may take the form of taxes, price or quantity controls, or outright prohibitions on international trade in assets ( Neely, Christopher J. , 1999 ). Capital Controls There are two types of controls which are the controls on inflow and outflow of capital. Like Malaysia during the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, control on capital outflows was introduced to supposedly generate revenue, correct balance of payment deficit as well as preserve savings for domestic use. Control on capital inflows, used by Chile during the Latin American debt crisis, was used to prevent potential volatility inflows, financial destabilisation and real appreciation as well as correcting balance of payment surplus and limit foreign ownership of domestic assets. This shows various type of capital controls are targeted at specific type of movement. The question is, how effective capital control is and to what extent should it be implemented ? During the Asian Financial Crises, Malaysian government imposed controls on outflows in 1998 by pegging the exchange rate at RM 3.80 for every US dollar. Their objective was to delay from exhaustion of foreign reserves and provide as much time possible for policymakers to implement reflationary policies as well as eliminating speculation against the ringgit. Malaysia’s stock market capitalization ratio at 310 percent of GDP, compared to 116 percent in the U.S., and 29 percent in Korea and domestic debt-GDP ratio at 170 percent were, at the time, highest in the world (Perkins and Woo, 2000). In response to the crisis, Malaysian government raised the interest rates to stem the decline of the ringgit and restructured their expenditure by reducing it by 18 percent ( Ethan Kaplan and Dani Rodrik, 1999 ). However, the economy showed no sign of improvement. Their effort to reduce domestic interest rates seemed to be pointless as speculation against the ringgit in offshore markets was circulating widely. The speculation lead to the borrowing of ringgit at premium rates to purchase dollars, which created a devaluation pressure on ringgit. Worried of capital flight and further depreciation of the currency, the Malaysian government also banned for a period of one year all repatriation of investment held by foreigners. Malaysia also lowered the 3-month Bank Negara Intervention Rate from 9.5% to 8% and the liquid asset ratio was reduced from 17% to 15% of total liabilities ( Ethan Kaplan and Dani Rodrik, 1999 ). On February 15th, 1999, the Central Bank of Malaysia changed the regulations on capital restrictions, shifting from an outright ban to a graduated levy and replacing the levy on capital with a profits levy on future inflows ( Ethan Kaplan and Dani Rodrik, 1999 ). After the imposition of capital controls in 1998, Malaysia showed a strong and quick revival from the Asian financial crisis. The fact that Korea and Thailand, which had opted for IMF’s progra mme, recovered remarkably suggesting that capital controls imposed in Malaysia did not make any significant difference than the IMF’s financial aid. Chile seemed to favour controls on capital inflows and been relying on it in two different occasions (1978-82 and 1991-98). The effectiveness is questionable, however, as in 1981-82 Chile went through a currency crisis despite with controls and restrictions. The peso was devalued by almost 90 percent and a large number of banks had to be, bailed out by the government ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ). The controls were being reintroduced in 1991 with the objectives of slowing down the volume of capital inflows into own country, reducing the real exchange rate appreciation resulted from these inflows, allowing the Central Bank to maintain a high differential between domestic and international interest rates. In 1984, Chile has adopted a slightly flexible exchange rate system, where the peso-dollar rate was allowed to fluctuate within an upward-moving band. The authorities argued that by maintaining domestic (peso) denominated interest rates above international rates, inflation would decline gradually (Massad, 1998). This policy mix worked relatively well until the late 1980s, when Chile regained access to international financial markets, and capital began to flow into the country putting pressure both on the real exchange rate and domestic interest rates ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ). By early 1990, domestic firms were considerably affected, as the rapid strengthening of peso has reduced their level of competitiveness and profitability. To sum it up, the effectiveness of Chile’s controls on capital inflows has been overestimated. After the controls were imposed, the maturity of foreign debt contracted by Chile increased significantly. The evidence suggests more than 40 percent of Chile’s debt to G-10 banks had a residual maturity of less than one year ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ). Although the policy affected the composition of capital inflows, it did not reduce the total volume of aggregate flows moving into Chile during the 1990s. The controls on inflows had no significant effect on Chile’s real exchange rate in which it appreciated by approximately 30% during the 1990s. The controls had a short term effect on domestic interest rates. The magnitude of the effect was very small, however, raising the question of whether the central bank’s ability to undertake independent monetary policy really enhanced by the controls on capital inflows ( Edwards, Sebastian 1999 ) . Conclusion Control on inflows seems to be more favourable among authors and economists than those on outflows. Controls on outflows usually create corruption as it easier to evade than the inflows (Reinhart and Smith, 1998; Eichengreen, et al. 1999). If there is an anticipation in the depreciation of domestic currency, this creates an incentive for investors to evade controls on outflows to prevent from losses.When faced with the prospect of a major crisis, the private sector finds ways of evading the controls, moving massive volumes of funds out of the country. Controls on capital outflows have resulted in corruption, as investors try to move their monies to a â€Å"safe haven.† In almost 70% of the cases were controls on outflows were used as a preventive measure, there was a significant increase in â€Å"capital flight† after the controls had been put in place. Cuddington (1986) reached a similar conclusion in his study on the determinants of capital flight in developing countr ies. Evading controls on inflows, however, proved to be less beneficial among investors as investing in other countries would be less viable compared to domestic return. REFERENCES : L. Kaminsky, Graciela and M. Reinhart, Carmen (1999) The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-of-Payments Problems Vol. 89 No. 3 Online at :  http://home.gwu.edu/~graciela/HOME-PAGE/RESEARCH-WORK/WORKING-PAPERS/twin-crises.pdf Accessed 20 December 2014 Goldstein, Itay (April 2005) Strategic Complementarities and the Twin Crises Economic Journal. Online at :  http://www.res.org.uk/details/mediabrief/4392181/Explaining-Twin-Financial-Crises.html  Accessed 20 December 2014 Tornell, Aaron (2002) Twin Crises The National Bureau of Economic Research Online at :  http://www.nber.org/reporter/winter02/tornell.html Accessed 20 December 2014 J. Neely, Christopher (1999) An Introduction To Capital Controls Online at :  http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/99/11/9911cn.pdf Accessed 27 December 2014 Baba, Chikako and Kokenyne, Annamaria (2011) Effectiveness of Capital Controls in Selected Emerging Markets in the 2000s IMF Working Paper Online at :  https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp11281.pdf Accessed 27 December 2014 Edwards, Sebastian (1999) HOW EFFECTIVE ARE CAPITAL CONTROLS? The National Bureau of Economic Research Online at :  http://www.nber.org/papers/w7413.pdf Acccessed 27 December 2014

Good Use in Writing :: Writers Education Teaching Essays

Good Use in Writing I have had extreme difficulty in determining what is good use in writing. My idea of good use, what it is based on, what it is good for, and how do you learn it or engage it in practice are difficult concepts for me to try and give answers to. I do not believe I am any position to judge writings and say what is and isnà ­t good use. However, I guess I am going to try, for there are some pretty serious issues at hand such as getting along with others, being taken seriously in language and writing, and issues of truth, value, social position, and understanding. This is some pretty serious stuff. If good use is that important then why am I having such a difficult time determining what it is? If good use weighs so heavily on such important issues as socializing with others, being taken seriously, and the ever important issues of truth, value, social position, and understanding, you would think I would know what good use is strictly on the basis of surviving in society. The rules of good use should flow onto the page as easily as the Ten Commandments come to a devout Christian. However, they do not come to me so easily, in fact I do not know the first place to begin in determining what good usage is. Does this mean I am a social banana who does not get along with anyone? That I am never taken seriously every time I speak or write? That I am a liar with no morals, no social position, or comprehension of anything? I should hope not. In my attempt to describe good usage I guess I will focus my efforts on one particular area. Good usage in writing for textbooks. I will focus my area of concern on one single written passage, explain why it is good usage, and then you are free to agree with me, cry out loud in disgust and outrage, or do whatever you want. Robert A. Hall said, "The merit of what a person says or does is not in anyway affected by the way in which they say or do it, provided it is the most efficient way of saying or doing it." The following passage was taken from the textbook Bowling by Charles Edgington: 7. Respect the Alley and its Equipment -- Make sure the pin setting machine has completed its cycle prior to your delivering the ball.

Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club Essay

Analysis of the Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club for 1983 and 1984. In reviewing the Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, and hearing arguments from both the owners and player there have been some interesting findings. We see that both parties are motivated towards getting more actual cash flow for their respective sides. Using different accounting techniques resulted in two very different financial statements for the Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club. Although, both teams seem to agree on most of the financial statements there seem to be three specific areas that are causing dispute. The three causes of disputes are roster depreciation, overstated player salary expense, and related party transactions. Roster Depreciation According to the owners the 50% of the 12 million dollar purchase price is being depreciated as roster depreciation. The reasoning behind the 50% rate of depreciation is that it is the maximum rate allowed by the IRS. This clearly shows that the owners are trying to cover as much profit without actual cash outflow through the depreciation expense. According to the players there is an appreciation rather than depreciation as the players actually improve their skills as they increase in experience. Considering the facts it does not add value to depreciate teams that generally appreciate and therefore should not be included in the financials. Overstated Player Salary Expense There are three points of disagreement on player salary expenses; sign up bonuses, deferred compensation, and non-roster player salaries should be expensed in the year that it is paid. Sign-up Bonuses: The players feel that the sign-up bonuses should be amortized over the contract of the players. This seems inconsistent with their prior argument to have the financials match cash flow as much as possible with an argument against depreciation. It doesn’t make sense to  amortize part of a salary as an asset. Since the sign-up bonus is a cost incurred by the owners in one payment it should be expensed in the year in which it was incurred. Deferred Compensation: Most players receive only 80% of their contracted amount with the remaining 20% deferred for 10 years. The argument of the players is that the salaries which aren’t incurred for 10 years are expenses a decade before they are due. It was also brought up that some companies put aside this money and others do not. Considering the fact that the remaining 20% is used as a pension for player’s who would no longer be on the roster an adjustment is due. The deferred salaries expense should be taken out of current expenses and put on the balance sheet as a liability if there is no separate fund. If there is a separate fund this can be put on the balance sheet as a other asset till they are expensed in the year they become a current payable. Non-Roster Player Salaries: Since the players that are released have the possibility of getting signed-on with another team who would take over the contract there does not seem to expense the full amount in one period. Similar to the deferred salaries the cost of contracts released should be expensed as each year’s liability comes due and not before. Considering the fact that Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club is expensing everything ahead of time it is important to note that they will not have these costs to offset profit from future years. The only Way to keep these expenses would to be to carry high player turnover on the teams which is not beneficial in an operational standpoint. However, since net operating losses are allowed to be carried forward 20 years by the IRS, Zephyrs managers may be able to extend the theme of no profit through off-setting future profit with prior year losses with their accounting methods in 1983 and 1984. Related Party Transactions: The player’s argue that since two of Zephyrs’ owners are also sole owners of the stadium which is charging 80% more that other stadiums as well as similar activities with broadcast companies that own teams. However, they are comparing different contracts and an even wider  spectrum of contracts with broadcast companies. It is difficult to gauge the claim on assumptions and the PBPA itself admits that it is something ‘hard to do’. As a result it seems more based on opinion than hard fact. There would be no way to arbitrate stadium and broadcast charges based on unique situations and contracts. The stadium costs would stay the same. If the above recommended changes are implemented income before taxes will rise to $1,668,300 (Operating Income after other expenses). Therefore we see that Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club is profitable.